Musa Çelebi

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
In this Ottoman Turkish style name, the given name is Musa, the title is Çelebi, and there is no family name.
Mûsâ Çelebi
Musa by Paolo Veronese, 16th century
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (de facto)
Reign17 February 1411[1] − 5 July 1413
PredecessorSüleyman Çelebi (de facto)
SuccessorMehmed I
Died5 July 1413
Çamurlu (near Samokov)
Burial
Sultan Murad Hüdavendigar Complex, Osmangazi, Bursa Province, Turkey
FatherBayezid I
MotherUnknown
ReligionSunni Islam

Mûsâ Çelebi (fl. 1402–5 July 1413) was an Ottoman prince (Turkish: şehzade) and a co-ruler of the empire for three years during the Ottoman Interregnum.

Background

Musa was one of the sons of

Rumeli (European) capital. (the Ottoman Empire at the time had two capitals, since the declining Byzantine Empire in Constantinople
separated the two parts of the Ottoman lands).

Ottoman Interregnum

Main article: Ottoman Interregnum

İsa defeated Musa and captured Bursa. Musa took refuge in

Mircea of Wallachia. Süleyman now had to fight on two fronts, against Mehmed in Anatolia and against Musa in Europe. This strategy was partially successful, as Süleyman gave up his hopes to conquer the Anatolian portion of the empire. However, he was able to defeat Musa at the battles of Kosmidion and Edirne. Despite his defeat, Musa continued with hit-and-run tactics against Süleyman up until 1410. Meanwhile, Süleyman had lost most of his previous allies due to his uncontrollable temper. In 1411, Musa's tactics finally gave victory and he captured Edirne. The defeated Süleyman, while attempting to escape into Byzantine territories, was killed by villagers on 18 February 1411, and Musa found himself as the co-sultan of the empire.[4][2]

As a co-sultan

Akçe of Musa Çelebi

The details of the previous Mehmed–Musa alliance are not clear. Musa declared himself the sultan of the European portion of the empire, while Mehmed viewed Musa as his vassal. Musa besieged Byzantine Constantinople (modern Istanbul) as retribution for Manuel II Palaiologos's support for Süleyman during the previous battles between Musa and Süleyman. Manuel II Palaiologos turned to Mehmed for support, who betrayed Musa and set up a new alliance between himself and the Byzantines against Musa.

In 1411 and in 1412, Mehmed's forces clashed with Musa's, and in both cases Mehmed was defeated. In 1413, Mehmed gained the support of

Dulkadirids, as well as some of the generals in Musa's army. He defeated Musa's forces in the Battle of Çamurlu near Samaku (today Samokov, Bulgaria).[3] Injured and trying to escape, Musa was spotted and killed on 5 July 1413.[5][2]

Aftermath

Musa by Thomas Artus in Histoire des Turcs, 17th century.

Musa's death ended the Ottoman Interregnum. His brother Mehmed Çelebi became

Bayazid's sons who had been hiding in Anatolia. Mustafa was a fifth claimant to throne and he fought against both his brother Mehmed I in 1416 and his nephew Murad II
in 1421 unsuccessfully.

Family

Musa married two times:

  1. Arina of Wallachia,
    Mircea I of Wallachia
    , married in 1403;
  2. A daughter of Carlo I Tocco, married in 1412;

References

  1. TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
    , Centre for Islamic Studies. 1988–2016.
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-90-04-15836-8
  3. ^ a b Encyclopædia Britannica Evpo 70 ed., Vol. 22, p. 368
  4. ^ Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: Türkiye tarihi Cilt II, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 pp. 74–75
  5. ^ Joseph von Hammer: Osmanlı Tarihi cilt I (condensation: Abdülkadir Karahan), Milliyet yayınları, İstanbul. pp. 58–60.
  6. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 7, Ed. C.E. Bosworth, E. Van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs and CH. Pellat, (E.J. Brill, 1993), 699.
  7. ^ Tiuliumeanu, Mihai (18 October 2019). Tiuliumeanu, Mihai; Ariton, Nicolae C. (eds.). "Musa, fiul lui Baiazid, II" [Musa, the son of Baiazid, II]. Misterele Dunării (in Romanian). Vol. 3, no. 10. Misterele Dunării. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
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