Stefan Lazarević
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Stefan Lazarević (
Becoming a Hungarian ally in 1403–04, he received large possessions, including the important Belgrade and Golubac Fortress. He also held the superior rank in the chivalric Order of the Dragon. During his reign there was a long conflict with his nephew Đurađ Branković, which ended in 1412. Stefan also inherited Zeta, and waged war against Venice. Since he was childless, he designated his nephew Đurađ as heir in 1426, a year before his death.
On the domestic front, he broke the resistance of the
On August 1, 1927, the 500th anniversary of his death, he was canonized by the Serbian Orthodox Church as Saint Despot Stefan of Serbia, his relics are kept in the Koporin monastery.
Background and family
Stefan was the son of the prince of
Marriage
On 12 September 1405, Stefan married Helena
Stefan's brothers and sisters | |||
---|---|---|---|
Stefan's brothers | |||
Name | Lifespan | Title | |
Dobrovoj | (Died as a child) | ||
Vuk | (?–1410) | prince | |
Stefan's sisters | |||
Name | Lifespan | Marriages | |
Мara | (?–1426) | Vuk Branković, c. 1371[5][6][9] | |
Jelena | (?–1443) | 1.Đurađ II Stracimirović Balšić (1385–1403), c. 1386[5][6] 2.Sandalj Hranić (1392–1435), 1411 | |
Dragana[9] | (?–?) | ||
Teodora (Jelena) | (?—before 1405) | ||
Olivera | (c. 1378[5] — after 1443[6]/1444[5]) | Bayezid I (1389—1403), 1390 |
Prince Stefan Lazarevic
Early years and rise to the throne
Stefan Lazarević was born, probably, in 1377 in Kruševac, the capital of his father, Prince Lazar. After the Battle of Kosovo on 15 June 1389, where his father was killed, Stefan became the new Serbian prince, but before he became of age the state was ruled by his mother, Princess Milica. In the battle of Kosovo in 1389, both rulers were killed, the Serbian Prince Lazar and Ottoman Sultan Murad I, a rare occurrence in history.[10] (Murad I was the first and the last Ottoman ruler who was killed on the battlefield).
He came to the throne in a specific time for the state of Lazarević, who found herself surrounded by powerful neighbors. On one side was
On 7 July, three weeks after the battle, Sigismund sent his
In these circumstances, the State Assembly with the support of Serbian Patriarch Spyridon (1379–1389), decided on the conclusion of peace and acceptance of the supremacy of the sultan Bayezid I, after which they began negotiations with the Ottomans, who ended by concluding peace, before the middle of year 1390. Details of making this decision are not closely familiar, but it is certain that peace was made before the death of Patriarch Spirydon, 18 August 1389.
According to the conclusion of peace, Prince Stefan pledged to send extra squads to the Ottoman sultan and pay tribute, and he and his brother
There is no data of the activities of Vuk Branković during this period. It is certain that after Battle of Kosovo he was sought to expand his area ( among other things, he has conquered the part of
However, by early May 1390, he felt threatened and he asked the
The conflict in the Serbian-Hungarian border, has continued over the next two years, and in their suppression
Battles of Rovine and of Nicopolis
In 1393, Stefan became an adult and took over the throne, and his mother became a nun and withdrew to her endowment, monastery Ljubostinja. That same year, Bayezid I dealt with his Bulgarian vassals for their alleged links with the Hungarian King Sigismund. Veliko Tarnovo was besieged and Bulgaria devastated; Stefan's brother-in-law was Bulgarian ruler Ivan Shishman. After this, many Bulgarian scholars sought refuge in neighboring Christian countries, among which were Serbia.
At the end of 1393 and early 1394, Bayezid I began gathering his Christian vassals at
During the autumn of 1394, Bayezid started gathering forces for a campaign against the Wallachian voievode
The Ottoman forces then took over
However, the victory at Rovine sparked a great crusade in which forces from England, France, Germany, and other European countries joined Hungarian king Sigismund and Mircea I with the Venetian fleet which was to enter the Danube from the Black Sea and support the army on the mainland. Crusader forces gathered in Hungary, after which they crossed the Danube and took Vidin. After that, the march continued down the Danube. Nicopolis, which had a large Ottoman garrison was besieged. The siege broke the blockade of Constantinople, forcing Bayezid to send troops towards the Danube, joining forces with Stefan Lazarević's heavy cavalary near Plovdiv. A great battle took place on 25 September 1396 in which the Crusader forces were completely destroyed. Although numerically superior, the Crusader army lacked a joint command and thus poorly coordinated on the battlefield. They also were both unfamiliar and ignorant of the Ottoman army's war methods. After initial Crusader success, the Ottomans went on a counterattack that stopped with the entry of Hungarian knights in battle, which began to suppress them. In this turning point of battle the Serbian heavy cavalry led by Stefan Lazarević himself broke through Hungarian lines and surrounded King Sigismund, and attacking the Hungarian banner troops of Nicholas II Garay. Garay's troops were dispersed, which had a decisive influence on the course of the battle, because some of the Crusaders thought that Sigismund had died and that the battle was lost, while the Hungarian commanders convinced Sigismund that the battle was practically lost and that it was better to withdraw. After that Crusader orders fell apart and was followed by carnage. One of the participants in the battle, Johann Schiltberger, described the Serbian attack
When all of (Turkish) warriors were killed, King was attacked by another unit consisting of cavalry. When the Turkish sultan saw king's attack, he was about to flee the battlefield, but the Duke of Rascia (Serbia), known as the despot, seeing this, rushed to help the Turkish sultan, with 15,000 people and many other knights, and his men crushed king's banner and broke it.[14]
According to some, Serbian forces were hidden in a grove on the left wing of Bayezid forces, making a sudden attack on the Hungarians probably from the side. A significant role was played by Stephen II Lackfi and Mircea I because they withdrew with their forces from the battlefield just before Stefan's attack, leaving Sigismund without support. They had probably dealt with Stefan before the battle. Sigismund managed to escape by fisherman's boat to the Venetian ships in the Danube. It is possible that Stefan left enough time for him to board the boat; Stefan saving Sigismund may be one of the causes of Stefan's later induction into the Order of the Dragon (as the first and foremost)
There were disastrous consequences for the Balkan Christians after the defeat at the
Incursion to Bosnia and its consequences
The Ottomans continued the offensive in the Balkans in January 1398 and attack
Some of the nobility tried to take advantage of Stefan's campaign to oust him from throne. Their leaders, Dukes
It is certain also that their allegations came to Bayezid and in the second half of March, the Ottoman forces marched into Serbia. It is not known what they did in Serbia; there was no documented campaign on any of the neighboring countries. During the spring, Stefan's mother, a nun Eugene with monk Jefimija went to Bayezid, to smooth the relations between them.
Bayezid is reported to have held Prince Stefan in high esteem, bestowing upon him a respect which he did not always accord his other Christian vassals, or even his own sons. Later, Bayezid marries Stefan's sister. When, some of Stefan's nobles complain to Bayezid that he is doing a deal with the Hungarians against the Turks, Stefan first allows his mother to travel to Edirne and plead his case with the sultan, and then actually goes himself. Both mother and son are received generously by Bayezid, and the embarrassing situation is resolved:[18]
I think of you as my eldest and favourite son, who stands before me in such honour as you? I am already growing old, and soon will die perhaps in battle or of illness – and then your time will come.
— Bayezid to Stefan
Battle of Ankara
The relationship between Prince Stefan and
Great changes of events in Asia Minor and Southeastern Europe were caused by an invasion of the Tatars under the leadership of Tamerlane, one of the great conquerors in world history.[19] His invasion into Asia Minor forced Bayezid I to gather his forces and try to confront him in battle, which took place 28 July 1402, near from Angora (Ankara, the capital of Turkey).
In this battle Ottoman forces suffered defeat, Bayezid I and one of his sons,
During the fight, Prince Stefan was wounded, while Gregory Branković was captured and later released. In the meantime, Bayezid was captured with his soldiers, his son Musa and his harem, where the Stefan's sister Olivera was.
One of the reasons Stefan honored his vassal obligations to Bayezid was the desire to keep the Serbian-Ottoman Alliance strong under looming Hungarian pressure. Another was that Stefan's sister Olivera that was married to the Sultan. She was captured in the battle and later released, through an agreement that was signed between Stefan and Timur. It seems that a ransom wasn't paid, thanks to the great respect that Timur had for Olivera's brother Stefan, and she returned to Serbia (Spring 1403), and a little later she settled permanently in Stefan's castle, in Belgrade. It is interesting to note that a group of imprisoned Serbs were taken to Samarkand where they were employed on construction works. On the other hand, Timur's forces had already left Asia Minor in 1403, and Timur himself died in early 1405, during his expedition to China. In the Ottoman Empire, Bayezid's capture, and then his death, brought on a civil war between his sons for throne.
Stay at Constantinople
From Bursa Stefan and his brother Vuk Lazarević came to Constantinople, which was released after several years of Ottoman blockade.
was contracted. These events are evidence of Stefan's new commitment as vassal to King Sigismund.When the Lazarević brothers were in Constantinople, they entered an open conflict with the
Stefan's return to Serbia was thwarted due to Ottoman hostility; returning Serbian troops were killed on their way home near
Ottoman Interregnum
Battle of Tripolje
In late October, Stefan's army from
Stephen broke his army in two, with orders sent by his mother, before the battle, and his opponents did the same. Most of the troops were placed under the command of his brother Vuk and directed them against the forces commanded by Đurađ Branković, while he, with a smaller part of the army attacked the Ottomans. Forces under his command had won a victory, but the significance it played was small Caesar Uglješa Vlatković. He was still an Ottoman vassal, but he reported to Stefan with their war plan, and during the battle was joined at his side. As a reward for this, Stefan gave him authority over Vranje, Inogoštem (Surdulica) and Preševo, which had previously belonged to his father and that area was connected to the Serbian despotate. Lazarević, having retreated after the battle in Novo Brdo, came into a verbal conflict with Vuk. The despot's younger brother accused him of ignorance of war casualties and his weak leadership skills, because the bulk of their forces, commanded by Vuk, were defeated in the battle with the army led by Đurađ Branković.
Victory in Battle of Tripolje, enabled Stefan to regain his throne and influence in Serbia, which was further strengthened in the coming years. However, the fight with Branković had not ended and in a sense, further complicated by the conflict that arose between Stefan and Vuk. His younger brother in the summer 1403 left Serbia and headed to Süleyman, to ask him for help and force his older brother to cede part of the state administration. He was in fact told to stop by their mother, who followed him, but she failed to reach him before he arrived at the court of Süleyman. During his time at his court, she was able to reconcile the brothers prior to October 1404 and she succeeded in smoothing relations between Stefan and Süleyman. During the next year, Stefan tried to avoid the renewal of hostilities with the Ottomans.
In 1403, Süleyman was in
The Kingdom of Hungary at that time was in a crisis, King Sigmund I had lost the throne because part of the nobility was captured April 1401 in Buda. He was released in late 1401 and retired to Bohemia, where he spent the next year.
Order of the Dragon
Changed conditions in Southeast Europe in the early fifteenth century, led to a convergence of Despot Stefan and Hungarian king Sigismund. Stefan needed a strong ally who could help him get rid of Ottoman domination, but also stay on the throne of Serbia, due to an open conflict with Branković, who enjoyed the support of Süleyman. On the other hand, Hungary was in a deep internal crisis, and, until 1403, Sigismund was unable to return to the country and regain control, although the resistance of his opponent failed to break even after his return. It was therefore necessary for him to rely on a secure southern border, which had previously been constantly exposed to the combined Serbian-Ottoman attacks, while simultaneously trying to provide a strong base for the fight against the Ottomans and eventually expand to the south.
The negotiations were most likely initiated by
Settling the situation in Serbia and clashes in Zeta
At the same time (1403 or early in 1404) Stefan attacked lands of Branković around river Sitnica, and then began to attack the areas under Ottoman control, in which it might have had and Hungarian military support troops. It is not known exactly from which cities and regions has managed to push the Ottomans, but it is thought that his offensive was directed toward eastern Serbia, and Kosovo. After these successes, he was able to make peace with Branković, and at the same time through his mother reconciled with Süleyman.
Immediately after the takeover of Belgrade, Stefan started the reconstruction of its fortifications, which were destroyed by the Ottomans in 1397. In addition, he began work on the development of the city, which were carried out by the end of his reign, but in the beginning of 1405, Stefan was transferred his capital to it, which until then was in Kruševac. In September of the same year, he married Helena Gattilusio, but only two months later, with his mother's death (11 November), Stefan remained without strong support. Nevertheless, the situation in Serbia have stabilized and start to grow in prosperity, as evidenced by the charter in Borač, 2 December of that year, issued from Dubrovnik (Republic of Ragusa). Negotiations about their shopping preferences are driven during the year and Despot with present Charter confirmed the privileges that they previously enjoyed. It also represents the charter of Serbian ruler, which was issued after the 1387th in Dubrovnik. At the end of the month, a charter was issued to them from Stefan's sister Mara Branković with sons. This includes Dubrovnik provide benefits to its merchants throughout Serbia, but it is noticeable that Stefan was not referred to the charter, even though her husband Vuk in their charters, always calling on those issued by Lazar of Prince Lazar.
At the beginning of 1405 The great rebellion broke out in the local population in
In December 1408, Hungarian King Sigismund founded the Order of the Dragon, gathering his supporters. The symbol of the order was a dragon, and the first among the knights was Stefan Lazarević, the founding charter of 13 December 1408. He was present at the ceremony in honor of knights, which was held in Buda, and the dragon symbol was present at his court.
The rebellion of brother Vuk
At that time, the late 1408, Stefan protested against his younger brother Vuk. The reason for his dissatisfaction was that Stefan did not want to share throne with him and give him part of the state administration. In turn, Vuk was probably disappointed to Stefan's connecting with Sigmund I and the West. He therefore went to Süleyman and asked him for military assistance against Stefan. In return, he promised to recognize his sovereignty, if he receives his own state and if Branković and his brothers joined him.
At the beginning of 1409, Süleyman's Ottoman forces broke into Serbia at the battlefield of Kosovo and nearby Priština was destroyed, as evidenced by a letter that arrived in February in Dubrovnik, from the merchants of the city.
In addition to the conflict in Serbia, the year 1409 had several significant events that influenced the change of situation in the Balkans. Süleyman made peace with the Venetians in June, to whom they pledged to pay an annual tribute, as well as surrendering their former possessions in the area of Skadar and Zeta.[15] His brother and rival in the struggle for power, Musa Çelebi moved to Europe and began to gather around him supporters and allies in the fight against Süleyman.
Civil war between Musa and Süleyman
Stefan and Musa Çelebi, as a result of conflict with Süleyman, were natural allies. Through his member, Duke Vitko, Stefan first checked Musa's force and then began negotiations that led to the conclusion of the alliance.[15] In addition to Stefan, the Branković family, and Vuk Lazarević also had joined Musa. His forces began an offensive while Süleyman was in Asia Minor. At the beginning of 1410, Gallipoli was occupied, and by 13 February, were at Süleyman's Yambol, defeating defending beglerbeg Sinan,[20] which has forced his brother to try to return to Europe and deal with Musa.
That gave him the support of the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, with whom he remained on friendly terms and who gave him a boat to cross the Bosporus. Manuel's position significantly influenced the distribution of forces on the ground[15] and very quickly changed those who supported Musa approach to Süleyman. Help in the transfer of his forces in Europe, tried to give prince Vuk, who asked the Venetian deputies in early June to obtain the Venetian fleet's assistance in the transport of troops.[15] Vuk very soon after that escaped to Süleyman, as did the Branković brothers.[15]
Stefan and Musa tried to prevent the crossing of Süleyman's forces in Europe, with an attack on the fleet that was carrying them.
The great battle between the two
Süleyman after winning the Battle of Kosmidion again tried to push Stefan Lazarević from the throne, as he did after the
However, he failed in Serbia. During that time, on 4 July the supporters of Musa caught the Serbian Prince in Filipolje. Vuk Lazarević, after the deliberation of his fate was executed, Lazar Branković was still left in life for a few days. Musa attempted to blackmail Đurađ Branković to move to his side for the upcoming battle (of Adrianople, 11 July). He refused, and actively participated in the victory of Süleyman, so Musa had Lazar executed. Soon after that, Stefan returned to the country and took control of it in its entirety, including the southern parts that were ruled by his brother, Prince Vuk.
Musa's position after the defea was severely affected and he retired to Stefan, Serbia. On this journey, he was captured and killed (17 February) by Musa's supporters, who then became the sole ruler of the European part of Ottoman Empire.
Reconciliation with Đurađ Branković
His rise to throne has not brought peace and stability to Balkans, on the contrary, he quickly turned against themselves and their former allies. Serbian Parliament, were sent by Stefan to regulate relations and confirming previous agreements, but not only that he failed, but he barely managed to save their own lives,[23][non-primary source needed] but Musa was given permission to dig up Vuk Lazarević and his remains transferred to Serbia.[23][non-primary source needed] This was a clear declaration of war and Stefan immediately began offensive. He entered the Pirot area from which they launched attacks on the Ottomans, who had stopped only when he sent a mission of Musa and offered talks.[15]
Cooperation between Sigismund I and Stefan continued through 1411, when the Serbian Despot, in July, stayed in Buda, accompanied by his nobles. On that occasion there was a strengthening of mutual relations, but the text of the agreement and its provisions have not been preserved. His biographer says that on that occasion Stefan did true love with West,
At the same time, Stefan's sister, Mara, linked up with him and on behalf of his son Đurađ, who led his forces in army of Musa, tried to fix the relations between them and reconcile them, in which she succeeded. Musa forces in the fall 1411, attacked the town of Selimvria on the Sea of Marmara near Constantinople, in which it had been the son of Süleyman, Orhan, whom was the candidate of Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaiologos for the Ottoman throne. During the siege, Musa tried to kill Đurađ, but he managed to save himself by escaping to the town of Selimvria, with his troops. Then, from Thessaloniki, he back in the fall 1412 in Serbia and reconciled with his uncle Stefan,[15] which ended the conflict between two families that has caused division in Serbia.
War against Musa and end the civil war
Against
New campaign Musa began in 1413, with attack on
During this period, Despot Stefan was collecting his forces, and military support he received from
So the battle has come on 15 July 1413, near the village Camurlu (
Period of peace
End of civil war between the sons of Bayezid I, is the beginning of many years of peace in Serbia, which enabled its further economic and cultural development. Stefan has not intervened militarily in conflicts in the coastal area, as well as in the wars that have swept Bosnia 1413th and brought the Ottomans into it. Sigismund's 1415th was launched a two counter-offensive in Bosnia while first, earlier this year failed to oust the Ottomans, the second, mid-year, ended as a complete disaster. Hungarian forces in July were broken at Lašva, and much of the nobility was captured and taken to Zvečan. They later managed to free themselves through negotiation and purchase, in which Stefan participated himself, who brokered the release of Jovan Morović.
The situation in Bosnia was further complicated by the murder of Prince
At this time there was a great ecclesiastical council in Constance on Lake Constance, which lasted from 1414 till 1418 years and gathered a great number of ecclesiastical and secular nobility from Catholic countries. Parliament dealt with the so-called Western Schism, and the fate of Jan Hus that was eventually put to death (6 July 1415), which led to Hussite Wars. In addition, it is pointed out and the threat of the Ottomans, among the participants of Parliament, was also a mission of the Serbian Despot, and it is not impossible that he went there.
Despot himself in that period, even though he was a vassal of the Ottoman sultans, is not giving up on efforts to rid the Ottoman domination, as evidenced by the letters he wrote to his subordinates in Hungary,
Stefan was a great patron of art and culture providing support and shelter to scholars from Serbia and exiles from surrounding countries occupied by the Ottomans. He was educated at his parents' home, he spoke and wrote Serbo-Slavic; he could speak Greek and was familiar with Latin. Under his rule, he issued Code of Mines in 1412 in Novo Brdo, the economic center of Serbia.
He was an author, and his main works include Slovo ljubve (A Homage to Love) that he dedicated to his brother Vuk, and Natpis na mramornom stubu na Kosovo (Inscription on the Marble Pillar at Kosovo).
Some works he wrote during his reign have been preserved. During his reign, rich transcribing activity – The Transcription
During the short time the life of the founder and monastery coincided (1407–27), so much was achieved in
Constantine's essay on how Slavic books should be written recommended a very complicated orthography that subsequently many authors adopted and used for a long time. Regardless of subsequent criticism of this endeavour, the very fact that in Serbia in the 15th century an essay was written on orthography and its rules is very important. Until the very end of the 17th century documents confirm the outstanding reputation of translations and transcripts originating from the Resava School.
Death
As most of the rulers and noblemen of those times, Despot Stefan loved and used to saddle his horse often and ride with his escort to hunt in nearby villages. On one of the returns from the castle in Belgrade Fortress finding himself near the place known as Glava, or Glavica, at Mt. Kosmaj, Despot stopped his escort in order to ride out to hunt. As accustomed he stretched his hand forward to let the hawk on it but his body did not obey. The whole escort noticed the way his body was leaning from one to the other side, becoming aware that something unusual was happening. Everybody knew well his imposing pose on a horse and they all doubtfully watched him fall down to ground helplessly. According to Constantine the Philosopher, his sudden death on 19 July 1427 was indicated by a mystic storm which made the sky from Belgrade turn black, and the thunder covered his soft, last words, "Get George, get George!"
The death of Despot was experienced as the
In order to save the memory of the moment of deceasing of the favourite and honoured ruler, a stone marker was erected on the place where Despot fell off the horse. Saying farewell to their master, his closest associates, who were escorting him in the moment of the accident, built a monument of marble stone, leaving messages of loyalty and respect. These inscriptions show the monument was built by Đurađ Zubrović, a nobleman from the territory, which the hamlet Glava belonged to, as well as the knight from Despot's escort. Despots Stephanos was buried at Resava.[29]
Many researchers believe that the cause of death of the despot Stefan was a
Veneration
The Serbian Orthodox Church canonized Despot Stefan on August 1, 1927, the 500th anniversary of his death, under the name Saint Despot Stefan of Serbia, although he is more commonly referred to as Saint Stefan the Tall. He is commemorated on August 1 (July 19 according to the Julian calendar) alongside his mother, Saint Eugenia.[31] A reliquary which is believed to contain his remains is housed in the Koporin monastery and is opened twice a year, on August 1, the feast of Saint Despot Stefan and August 15, the feast of the translation of the relics of Saint Stephen, which is the monastery slava.[32]
In 2023, Saint Despot Stefan was chosen to be the patron saint of the Serbian armed forces, with his feast becoming the army's slava.[33][34][35]
Literary works
Apart from the biographical notes in charters and especially in the Code on The Mine Novo Brdo (1412), Stefan Lazarević wrote three literary works:
- The Grave Sobbing for prince Lazar (1389)
- The Inscription on the Kosovo Marble Column (1404)
- A Homage to Love (1409), a poetic epistle to his brother Vuk
- Law on Mines
- Translation of a Greek work titled "On Times Future"
He was probably the patron of the most extensively illuminated Serbian manuscript, the Serbian Psalter, which is now kept in the Bavarian State Library in Munich.[36]
Titles
- "Lord(Gospodar) of all the Serbs and Podunavlje" (господар свих Срба и Подунавља[37]), inherited through his father.[38]
An inscription names him Despot, Lord "of all Serbs and Podunavlje and Posavje and part of Hungarian lands and Bosnian [lands], and also Maritime Zeta" (свим Србљем и Подунављу и Посавју и делом угарске земље и босанске, а још и Поморју зетском).[39]
- "Despot of the Kingdom of Rascia and Lord of Serbia" (Stephanus dei gratia regni Rassia despotus et dominus Servie[40]). After 1402.
- "Despot, Lord of Rascia" (Stephanus Despoth, Dominus Rasciae), in the founding charter of the Order of the Dragon (1408). He was the first on the list.[41]
- "Despot, Lord of all Serbs and the Maritime" (господин всем Србљем и Поморију деспот Стефан).[42]
See also
- Đurađ Branković (despot 1427–1456)
- Mahmud Pasha Angelović (grand vizier 1453–1468; 1472–1473)
- Despotate of Serbia
- Despotate of Morea
- Ottoman Empire
- Second Scutari War
References
- ^ Thomson 1993, p. 129.
- ISBN 9780070162358.
Stefan Lazarević, Prince (1389-1402).. Despot (1402-1427)
- ISBN 9781107028388.
Ottoman Christian vassals now included troops provided by late Prince Lazar's son and heir Stefan (Lazarević, prince 1389–1402, despot 1402–27), who may have been only 12 in 1389, and his mother, and de facto co-ruler, Princess Milica... Known as Stefan the Tall, he was a physically imposing and good-looking man with striking blue eyes.
- ISBN 9786155897436.
- ^ a b c d e f Ivić, Aleksa (1928). Родословне таблице српских династија и властеле. Novi sad: Matica Srpska. p. 5.
- ^ a b c d e "Genealogy - Balkan states: The Lazarevici". Retrieved 25 February 2010.
- ^ Anthony Luttrell, "John V's Daughters: A Palaiologan Puzzle", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 40 (1986), pg. 105
- ^ Luttrell, "John V Daughters", p. 106
- ^ ISBN 86-83639-01-0
- ISBN 9789992287552. Archived from the originalon 16 July 2011.
- ISBN 0472100793
- ^ a b Fine 1994, p. 424.
- ^ Panaitescu, Petre P. (2000). Mircea cel Bătrân. București, România: Editura Corint. pp. 293–305.
- ^ Schiltberger's recounting of the Battle of Nicopolis Archived 6 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Group of authors: History of the Serbian people, Belgrade, 1982.
- ^ ISBN 8635504526]
- ^ ISBN 8683639010
- ^ Ian Almond. Two Faiths, One Banner: When Muslims Marched with Christians Across Europe's Battlegrounds. p. 131.
- ^ Ostrogorsky, George: "History of the Byzantine", Belgrade, 1993.
- ^ a b c d e f g Kazhdan, Alexander:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford, 1991.
- ^ a b Novaković, Stojan:"Serbs and Turks 14 and 15 century", Belgrade, 1893.
- ^ "As the moon among of stars", Politikin Zabavnik, 9 May 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Constantine of Kostenets: The Biography of Despot Stefan Lazarević.
- ^ .
- ^ Deroko, Aleksandar: Medieval Towns in Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia, Belgrade, 1950.
- ^ Krstić, Aleksandar (2015). "Two Unpublished Latin Letters of Despot Stefan Lazarević". Inicijal. Časopis za srednjovekovne studije (in Serbian) (3): 197–209.
- ISBN 9789004345799.
- .
- ^ Cvetković, Branislav. "Imago leonis in Despot Stefan's Iconography". academia.edu.
- ^ Stanković, Vlada. Constantine of Kostenec, his life of despot Stefan and the end of the Middle Ages in the Balkans. pp. 359–364.
{{cite book}}
:|website=
ignored (help) - ^ "Свети Стефан Високи" [Saint Stefan the Tall]. Политика (in Serbian). 2 August 1927. p. 1.
- ^ "Споменици културе у Србији". spomenicikulture.mi.sanu.ac.rs. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ "FOTO: Vojska Srbije prvi put obeležila krsnu slavu". www.021.rs (in Serbian). 1 August 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
- ^ "Ministar odbrane objavio da je Vojska Srbije danas prvi put obeležila krsnu slavu, pogledajte i kako - Politika - Dnevni list Danas" (in Serbian). 1 August 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
- ^ "Patron Saint Day of Serbian Armed Forces | Serbian Armed Forces". www.vs.rs. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
- ^ "Serbian Psalter, Cod. slav. 4". Bavarian State Library. Retrieved 1 April 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ISBN 9788617121882.
У jедноj хиландарс^' пове- л>и деспот Стефан истиче да jе постао господар свих Срба и Подунавља
- ^ Istorijski glasnik: organ Društva istoričara SR Srbije. Društvo. 1982.
На основу досадашњег излагања са сигурношћу можемо рећи да деспот Угљеша, господин Константин, Вук Бранковић, Вукови синови и кесар Угљеша никада нису носили титулу " господар Срба и Подунавља ", јер је ова ...
- ISBN 9788675470397.
У натпису се каже да је деспот, господар "свим Србљем и Подунављу и Посавју и делом угарске земље и босанске, а још и Поморју зетском"
- ^ Radovi. Vol. 19. 1972. p. 30.
Stephanus dei gra- tia regni Rassia despotus et dominus Servie
- ISBN 978-3-7001-6685-6.
The first name to appear is Stephanus Despoth, Dominus Rasciae
- ^ Đorđe Trifunović (1979). Књижевни радови. Srpska Književna Zadruga. p. 67.
"Милостију Божијеју господин всем Србљем и Подунавију деспот Стефан"; "Милостију Божијеју го- сподин всем Србљем и Поморију деспот Стефан"; "Ми- лостију Божијеју господин всој земљи ...
Sources
- Suica, Marko. "Effects of the early ottoman conquests on the state and social structure of the Lazarević Principality". academia.edu.</ref>
- Bogdanović, Dimitrije; Mihaljčić, Rade; Ćirković, Sima; Kalić, Jovanka; Kovačević-Kojić, Desanka; Blagojević, Miloš; Babić-Đorđević, Gordana; Đurić, Vojislav J.; Spremić, Momčilo; Božić, Ivan; Pantić, Miroslav; Ivić, Pavle (1982). Kalić, Jovanka (ed.). Историја српског народа: Доба борби за очување и обнову државе (1371–1537). Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga.
- Fine, John V.A. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. The University of Michigan Press.
- Kalić, Jovanka (1982a). "Велики преокрет". Историја српског народа: Доба борби за очување и обнову државе (1371–1537). pp. 64–74.
- Kalić, Jovanka (1982b). "Немирно доба". Историја српског народа: Доба борби за очување и обнову државе (1371–1537). pp. 75–87.
- Blagojević, Miloš (1982). "Врховна власт и државна управа". Историја српског народа: Доба борби за очување и обнову државе (1371–1537). pp. 109–127.
- Purković, Miodrag (1978). Knez i despot Stefan Lazarević. Sveti arhijerejski sinod Srpske pravoslavne crkve.
- Stojaković, Slobodanka (2006). Деспот Стефан Лазаревић. Српско нумизматичко друштво. ISBN 978-86-902071-6-9.
- Trifunović, Đorđe, ed. (1979). "Stefan Lazarević". Књижевни радови. 477. Srpska književna zadruga.
- Veselinović, Andrija (2006) [1995]. Држава српских деспота [State of the Serbian Despots]. Belgrade: Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva. ISBN 86-17-12911-5.
Further reading
Books
- Life of Despot Stefan Lazarević by Constantine the Philosopher (ca. 1431).
- Braun, Maximilian, ed. (1956). Lebensbeschreibung des Despoten Stefan Lazarević. Mouton.
- Mirković, L., ed. (1936). Живот деспота Стефана Лазаревића. СКЗ.
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ignored (help) - Jagić, V., ed. (1875). "Константин Филозоф, "Живот Стефана Лазаревића"". Гласник Српског ученог друштва. 42: 223–328.
Journals
- Antonović, Miloš (1992). "Despot Stefan Lazarević i Zmajev red".
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(help) - Glušac, Jеlena (2015). "Prince and despot Stefan Lazarević and monastery of Great Lavra of Saint Athanasius on Mount Athos". Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke. 153 (153): 739–746. .
- Kalić, Jovanka (2006). "Despot Stefan and Byzantium". Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta. 43 (43): 31–40. .
- Kalić, Jovanka (2005). "Despot Stefan i Nikola II Gorjanski".
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Kotseva, Elena (2014). "The Virtues of the Ruler according to the Life of Stefan Lazarević by Constantine of Kostenets". Scripta & e-Scripta. 13: 123–129.
- Krstić, Aleksandar (2015). "Два необјављена латинска писма деспота Стефана Лазаревића" [Two unpublished Latin letters of Despot Stefan Lazarević]. Иницијал. 3: 197–209.
- Mihailović-Milošević, S. (2012). "Literary character of the Despot Stefan Lazarević in The Lives of Constantine Philosopher" (PDF). Baština (32): 41–49.
- Pantelić, Svetlana (2011). "Money of despot Stefan Lazarević (1402-1427)". Bankarstvo. 40 (9–10): 122–127.
- Popović, Mihailo (2010). The Order of the Dragon and the Serbian despot Stefan Lazarević. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. )
- Petrović, Nebojša (2012). "Viteštvo i Despot Stefan Lazarević" (PDF). Viteška kultura. 1 (1): 23–36.
- Spremić, Momčilo (2008). "Деспот Стефан Лазаревић и "господин" Ђурађ Бранковић" [Despot Stefan Lazarević and "Sir" Đurađ Branković]. Историјски часопис. 56: 49–68.
- Šuica, Marko (2009). "Битка код Никопоља у делу Константина Филозофа" [The Battle of Nicopolis in the work of Constantine the Philosopher]. Историјски часопис. 58: 109–124.
- Šuica, Marko (2013). "O години одласка Кнеза Стефана Лазаревића у Севастију". Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta. 50 (2): 803–810.
- Šuica, Marko. "Властела кнеза Стефана Лазаревића (1389-1402)". ГДИ. 1: 7–31.
- Türkmen, İlhan (2013). "Osmanlı'nın Emrinde Bir Sırp Despotu: Stefan Lazareviç" [A Serbian Despot Under The Heel Of The Ottoman Empire: Stefan Lazarevic] (PDF). Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. 6 (28).
Symposia
- Ресавска школа и деспот Стефан Лазаревић: округли сто, Манастир Манасија 28.08. 1993. Народна библиотека Ресавска школа. 1994. ISBN 978-86-82379-03-4.
External links
- Manasija
- What was the decisive moment at the battle of Nicopolis (Armchair General, Joshua Gilbert, 08.08.2008)
- Astronomical motifs in Serbian medieval numismatics (Coins of Despot Stefan Lazarević)
- Türkmen, İlhan (2013). "Osmanlı'nın Emrinde Bir Sırp Despotu: Stefan Lazareviç" [A Serbian Despot Under the Heel of the Ottoman Empire: Stefan Lazarevic] (PDF). Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. 6 (28).