Pandalus borealis
Pandalus borealis | |
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Living at Nordsøen Oceanarium (above), deshelled as typically sold for human consumption (below) | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Malacostraca |
Order: | Decapoda |
Suborder: | Pleocyemata |
Infraorder: | Caridea |
Family: | Pandalidae |
Genus: | Pandalus |
Species: | P. borealis
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Binomial name | |
Pandalus borealis Krøyer, 1838
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Pandalus borealis is a species of
Distribution
Pandalus borealis usually lives on a soft muddy bottoms at depths of 20 to 1,330 m (66–4,364 ft),
Ecology
Trophic DNA metabarcoding studies show that Pandalus borealis plays a key role in Arctic food webs, by feeding on a diverse array of prey, including
Physiology
In their up to eight-year lifespan,[7] males can reach a length of 12 cm (4.7 in), while females can reach 16.5 cm (6.5 in) long,[1] although typical sizes are much smaller.[7]The size of Pandalus borealis individuals can differ based on age, temperature of the environment and sex. [8] Higher temperature water has been associated with faster growth.[8]
The shrimp are hermaphroditic, specifically protandrous hermaphrodites. They are born as male, but after approximately two and a half years, their testes turn to ovaries and they complete their lives as females.[7] Northern Shrimp's spawning season begins in the late summer, usually offshore. By early fall the females will start to extrude their eggs onto their abdomen. This is when they will move inshore where their eggs will hatch in the winter.[8]
Commercial fishing
Pandalus borealis is an important food resource, and has been widely fished since the early 1900s in Norway, and later in other countries following Johan Hjort's practical discoveries of how to locate them. In Canada, these shrimp are sold peeled, cooked and frozen in bags in supermarkets, and are consumed as appetizers.
Northern shrimp have a short life, which contributes to a variable stock on a yearly basis. However, the species is not considered overfished due to a large amount reported and a large amount harvested.
In Canada, the annual harvest limit is set to 164,000 tonnes (2008).[7] The Canadian fishery began in the 1980s and expanded in 1990s.
In New England, Northern Shrimp were a valuable fishery stock from the late 1950s to 1978. Pandalus borealis was in high demand due to it being considered sweeter and tastier than Pacific Shrimp. Fishery production peaked in 1969 with landings at 28.3 million pounds.[8]
In 2013, the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (which covers the Atlantic seaboard of the United States) determined that their stocks of P. borealis were too low and shut down the New England fishery. This was the first cancellation in 35 years.[10]
The fishery has yet to recover since it collapsed and studies from 2018 report that Northern Shrimp still remain in a depleted condition. With temperatures increasing yearly, and a low spawning stock biomass (SSB), the spawning conditions for Northern Shrimp remain unfavorable. Colder temperatures and higher spawning biomass would increase the recruitment and increase the population size in the long run.[8] However, surface temperatures are continuing to rise yearly off the coast of Maine due to climate change and impacting the region's marine fisheries.[11]
Uses
Beyond human consumption, shrimp alkaline phosphatase (SAP), an enzyme used in molecular biology, is obtained from Pandalus borealis, and the species' carapace is a source of chitosan, a versatile chemical used for such different applications as treating bleeding wounds, filtering wine or improving the soil in organic farming.
References
- ^ a b c d e "Pandalus borealis (Krøyer, 1838)". Species Fact Sheet. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
- ^ a b Fransen, Charles (2019). "Pandalus Leach, 1814". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
- ISBN 8790787005
- ^ Palomares ML, Pauly D, eds. (2019). "Pandalus borealis" in SeaLifeBase. June 2019 version.
- ^ TJ. "Coldwater Shrimp: Catch has been declining for more than a decade - Eurofish Magazine". eurofishmagazine.com. Retrieved 2020-12-11.
- ^ hdl:2445/191277.
- ^ a b c d "Responsible Sourcing Guide: Cold-water Prawns Version 1.1" (PDF). Seafish. April 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
- ^ a b c d e "species - Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission". www.asmfc.org. Retrieved 2020-12-11.
- ^ Based on data sourced from the FishStat database, FAO.
- ^ Porter, Tom (7 December 2013). "Fishery Closure Puts New England's Shrimp Season On Ice". National Public Radio. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
- ^ Birkel, S.D. and Mayewski, P.A., 2018. Coastal Maine Climate Futures. Orono, ME: Climate Change Institute, University of Maine. 24pp
External links
- Media related to Pandalus borealis at Wikimedia Commons