Procambarus clarkii

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Procambarus clarkii

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Suborder: Pleocyemata
Family: Cambaridae
Genus: Procambarus
Species:
P. clarkii
Binomial name
Procambarus clarkii
(Girard, 1852)[2]

Procambarus clarkii, known variously as the red swamp crayfish, Louisiana crawfish or mudbug,[3] is a species of cambarid crayfish native to freshwater bodies of northern Mexico, and southern and southeastern United States, but also introduced elsewhere (both in North America and other continents), where it is often an invasive pest.[1]

Appearance

P. clarkii is typically dark red, with long claws and head, small or no spines on the sides of its carapace just below the head, and rows of bright red bumps on the front and side of the first leg.[4]

Male red swamp crayfish have bigger claws than females

Range and range expansion

The native range of P. clarkii is from northern

biological control organism, to reduce levels of the snails involved in the lifecycle of schistosomiasis, leading to the dispersal of P. clarkii in, for instance, Kenya
.

Invasiveness

In Europe, P. clarkii is included since 2016 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list).[5] This implies that this species cannot be imported, bred, transported, commercialized, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union.[6]

Ecology

P. clarkii, dorsal view

P. clarkii is most commonly found in warm freshwater bodies such as slow-flowing

dissolved oxygen concentrations.[8]
The average lifetime of P. clarkii is five years, although some individuals are known to have reached ages (in nature) of over six years.

The

vibriosis and for a number of parasitic worms on vertebrates. Their burrowing activities may also be a threat to civil infrastructure such as storm ponds and levees.[9]

In 2007,

stygobitic fauna, due to the crayfish's recorded ability to prey on diverse sources of food and the highly restricted ranges of native cave fauna.[10]

Economic importance

Harvests of P. clarkii for food account for a large majority of the crayfish produced in the United States and elsewhere. Crayfish farming began in Louisiana in the 18th century, taking place in rice fields in a concurrent or alternate culture system. The concurrent polyculture of rice and crayfish combination makes good use of land, resources, equipment and infrastructure already being used for rice production.

However, crayfish production has decreased in recent years due to an increase of imports from

fish farms and bullfrog farms, or used to add into organic fertilizers
.

P. clarkii has also been introduced elsewhere for cultivation, such as Spain, where its success is attributable to its ability to colonize disturbed habitats that would be unsuitable for the native crayfish (Astacus astacus). P. clarkii is also marketed by biological supply companies for teaching and research. P. clarkii also exhibits different colour morphs, including white, blue and orange, which are commonly sold in pet stores.

The introduction of P. clarkii has also resulted in economic losses in some regions. In the Baixo Mondego region of Portugal, it caused a decrease in 6.3% of profits in rice fields.[13] However, this was on a wet-seeded field. All negative effects of crayfish can be avoided if adult crayfish are separated from the seed and seedlings.[14]

As food

Main article: Crayfish as food
Boiled crawfish, Louisiana

P. clarkii is eaten in China,

social gatherings centered around eating the crustaceans.[15] Louisiana crawfish are usually boiled in a large pot with heavy seasoning (salt, cayenne pepper, lemon, garlic, bay leaf, etc.) and other items such as potatoes and corn on the cob. Many differing methods are used to season the dish, and there are an equal number of opinions on which one is correct.[16]

In 1990, Louisiana produced 90% of the crayfish in the world, and consumed 70% locally.

fisheries produced more and continued to outpace production in any other part of the world. By 2018, P. clarkii crayfish production in the Americas represented just 4% of total global P. clarkii supply.[18] Louisiana crayfish remain in demand for local production and consumption. In 2018, 93% of crayfish farms in the US were located in Louisiana.[19]

Reproduction

Procambarus clarkii normally reproduces sexually, but research suggests it may also reproduce by parthenogenesis.[20]

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T153877A4557336.en
    . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ C. Girard (1852). "A revision of the North American astaci, with observations on their habits and geographic distribution". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 6: 87–91.
  3. ^ "Seafood List Search Returns". FDA Acceptable Seafood Name Database. 2008. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
  4. ^
    USGS
    . Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  5. ^ "List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern - Environment - European Commission". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
  6. ^ "REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species".
  7. ^ "Procambarus clarkii (crustacean)". Global Invasive Species Database. March 31, 2006. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
  8. PMID 22554447
    .
  9. ^ Metcalfe, John (31 August 2017). "Southern Crawfish Are the Newest Scourge to Northern Infrastructure". Citylab. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  10. doi:10.4311/2013LSC0115
    .
  11. ^ W. Ray McClain & Robert P. Romaire. "Crawfish culture: A Louisiana aquaculture success story" (PDF). World Aquaculture. 35 (4): 31–35, 60–61.
  12. ISBN 978-90-481-3087-0
    .
  13. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01343.x
    .
  14. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-11. Retrieved 2011-04-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. ^ Kiniry, Laura (1 May 2014). "Why Crawfish Are Louisiana's Culinary Gift to the Nation". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  16. ^ How to Season a Crawfish Boil
  17. ^ Larry W. de la Bretonne Jr. & Robert P. Romaire (1990). "Crawfish production: harvesting, marketing and economics" (PDF). SRAC Publication. 42. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-12.
  18. ^ "Global Aquaculture Production: Procambarus clarkii, 1990-2018". FAO Fisheries Division. Food And Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  19. ^ "Table 18. Crustacean Sales by Species: 2018 and 2013" (PDF). 2018 Census of Agriculture. USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  20. PMID 18781225
    .

Further reading

External links
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