Panduranga (Champa)

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Champa
Pāṇḍuraṅga / Prădarăng
Paṅrauṅ / Phan Rang
Phan Rang - Tháp Chàm (813–1448; 1579–1693)
Biuh Bal Batsinâng (1448–1579)
11°34′N 108°59′E / 11.567°N 108.983°E / 11.567; 108.983
Common languagesCham
Old Cham
Chamic languages
Sanskrit
Malay
Religion
Cham folk religion, Hinduism, Bani Islam, Sunni Islam, Buddhism
GovernmentMonarchy
King of Champa 
• 813–817 (Prince of Panduranga)
Vikrantavarman III
• 1471–1494 (first)
Sultan Wan Abu Abdullah
• 1659–1692 (last independent)
Po Saut
History 
• Established
813
• 
Vietnam
1832
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Champa
Principality of Thuận Thành
Today part ofVietnam
Part of a series on the
History of Champa
Ancient period
Medieval and early modern period
Modern period
By Topic
Timeline

Panduranga (

Phan Rang. It stood until late 17th century when the Nguyễn lords of Đàng Trong, a powerful Vietnamese clan, vassalized it and subjugated the Cham polity as the Principality of Thuận Thành
.

History

Preface

Previously, Pänduranga (known to medieval Chinese sources as Bīn Tónglóng or Bēntuólàng 奔陀浪洲) was an autonomous princedom inside Champa. From the 13th century onward, it had been ruled by local dynasties that relatively independent from the court of the king of kings at Vijaya, central Champa.[3]

Panduranga had its own revolt against the court of king Jaya Paramesvaravarman I (r. 1044–1060) in 1050.[4] In contrast with scholars who view Champa as the kingdom exclusively of the Cham, recent scholars such as Po Dharma and Richard O’Connor, rebrand Champa as a multiethnic kingdom. They note that Champa was highly likely a coalition of the Cham lowlanders and the indigenous inhabitants of the Central Highlands,[5] although Cham culture is usually associated with the broader culture of Champa.[6][7]

Early period

From 1060 to 1074, Panduranga was the capital of king

Dai Viet.[11]

According to the Sakarai dak rai patao (Panduranga annals), the first king of Panduranga Principality was Sri Aragang. His rule lasted between 1195/1205 to 1235/1247.[12] The king of kings at Vijaya still wrested certain suzerainty over Panduranga. Sri Aragang was succeeded by Cei Anâk, who reigned between 1235/1247 - 1269/1281.[13] After the Aragang dynasty, Panduranga continued maintaining its sovereignty under the Dobatasuar dynasty (1269-1373).[14]

By the late 14th century, the whole of Champa had been unified again under the rule of a single strong dynasty, founded by Jaya Simhavarman VI (r. 1390–1400). Panduranga remained autonomous but asymmetrical and maintained a tributary relationship with the Simhavarmanids in Vijaya.

I've just made it less watermarked, it's okay to be used again.
Po Klong Garai Temple - the religious center of Panduranga

Collapse of Vijaya and the beginning of Panduranga period

When

Le Thanh Tong attacked Champa in early 1471 in retaliation to centuries of rampant Cham invasions and piracy, the whole northern part of the kingdom was razed, cities ransacked, and tens of thousand people were killed, slaves were freed and sent back to homeland to further weaken rich Cham elites, as well as boosting Le Thanh Tong image. Cham artists and intellectuals were deported to northern Vietnam so that their criticism of Le dynasty cannot reach Cham people. Le Thanh Tong also captured the Cham king Tra Toan and his royal relatives as well as the rest of Vijaya clansmen, put them under house arrests within Cham embassy at Hanoi, ending the dynasty's reign. This event is widely recognized as the end of the Champa Kingdom, according to Georges Maspero's logics.[15] However, it is noteworthy to know that the fall of Vijaya was not a "shift" of Champa power to the south or the end of the kingdom, but rather, reflects the multicentric nature of Champa, a confederation of semi-independent kingdoms which now were no longer under the prestige of the Vijaya king of kings.[16]

Unsurprisingly, a massive wave of Cham emigration radiated across Southeast Asia: In Cambodia, Cham refugees were welcomed, but the sources do not provide how they arrived in Cambodia and where they settled.

Mansur Shah. The Malay Annals also mentions a Cham presences in Pahang, Kelantan, where the Kampung Laut Mosque is said have been built by Champa sailors, on their way to Java and Aceh.[18] Other famous Cham include Kelatan warrior queen Che Siti Wan Kembang and her daughter Puteri Saadong
.

According to Vietnamese sources, on 22 March 1471, after the loss of the capital Vijaya to the Vietnamese force under Le Thanh Tong, a Cham general named Bố Trì Trì (real name

Ming Empire in 1478, 1505, and 1515; the son of Abdullah received succession investiture from the Ming; their last contact occurred in 1543.[23][24][25]

According to the Cham annal, from 1421/1448 to 1567/1579, the capital of Panduranga was Biuh Bal Batsinâng. From 1567/1579 to 1653, it had been relocated to Bal Pangdarang

Phan Rang).[27] From the late 17th century until 1832, the capital of Panduranga was once again moved south to Phan Rí Cửa.[28]

The Cham stopped paying tribute to the Viet court when the Le was usurped by the Mạc dynasty in 1526.[29]

Revival

The Boxer Codex depiction of Chamcia (Cham) couple, c. 1595

During the sixteenth century, as Dai Viet fragmented in the north, Panduranga Champa again prospered from the rise of international trade. Throughout the seventeenth century, Cham merchants traded actively in

Macao, Malacca, Johor, Pahang, Patani, and Makassar. A Spanish record reported that "many Muslims live in Champa, whose Hindu king wanted Islam to be spoken and taught, resulting in many mosques existing along with Hindu temples.[30]

Between 1553 and 1579, Champa (Panduranga region) was under the reign of King

Sultanate of Johor when its capital was attacked by the Portuguese after a letter delivered to him via an Arab merchant's pigeon. Today, his shrine is located in Mbok Dhot, Phan Hòa commune, Bắc Bình district, Bình Thuận province
.

In 1578, Panduranga assaulted the

Đà Rằng River.[27] In 1594, the Panduranga king sent a fleet of 400 warships to aid the Johor Sultanate in its struggles against the Portuguese in Melaka.[31]

Panduranga also helped its neighbor Cambodia during the Cambodian–Spanish War, which resulted in delivering a fiasco to the Spanish conquistadors. Governor of Manila, Luis Pérez Dasmariñas (fl. 1593–96) sent a letter to the court of king Philip II in late 1595, antagonizing the Cham king as "a vicious dangerous tyrant who was treacherous and full of evil deeds," while his second letter suggested that just around 200–300 Spanish soldiers and 500 local mercenaries would be needed to conquer Champa. During that time, the Cham were remembered by Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch merchants and seamen as ferocious pirates of the South China Sea who numerously boarded merchant ships, plundering cargos, kidnapping crew members, and routinely took European hostages to slavery. Cham kings were described to be at least involved or actively encouraging raids against foreign ships.[32]

In 1611, in an attempt to retake land from the Nguyen lord, Champa mounted an attack in Phu Yen, but gained no success, and the Kauthara principality was lost to the Nguyen after a counterattack.[33]

Later period under Po Rome dynasty

Temple of King Po Rome (r. 1627-1651)

With the rise of nearby

POWs in Phu Yen.[35]

Notable Cham king of this period, Po Rome (r. 1627-1651), was known for his great erudition of Islam after having a sojourn study in Kelantan, Malay Peninsula, and the mass conversion to Islam by his people. He encouraged trade, granting the Dutch permission to arrange free trade in his country providing that they refrained from attacking Portuguese merchants at his ports.[36] To resolve discontents between Muslims and Balamon, Po Rome ordered the Cham Bani to have their religion more integrated with Cham customs and beliefs, while pressing the Ahier to accept Allah as the most supreme God but allowed them to retain their worships of traditional Cham divinities, excellently reforging peace and cohesion in his kingdom. King Po Rome is an important deity that is being venerated by the Cham people today. Connections between Pandaranga and the extra Malay/Islamic world blossomed. Syncretism was widely practiced at all levels, best known for incorporating cosmopolitan Islamic doctrines into existing indigenous Cham beliefs and Hindu pantheons. The multipurpose lunisolar sakawi calendar, was likely Po Rome's best combination of previous Cham Śaka era with the Islamic lunar calendar.[37]

European missionaries described Champa in the 1670s as having the majority of its population being Muslims, a Muslim sultan, and a Muslim court. In 1680 Panduranga king Po Saut (r. 1659–1692) styled himself with Malay horrific Paduka Seri Sultan in his hand letter to the Dutch in Java. In 1686, the Cham and Malay Muslim communities in Siam reportedly joined the Makassars rebellion against king Narai of Ayudhya.[38]

Under Po Rome's dynasty, Panduranga suffered several incursions from the

Alexander de Rhodes describes sometime in 1639, the Nguyen still placed several galleys in the port of Ran Ran (Phú Yên) to prevent seaborne incursion from Champa.[42]

Having successfully fended off the Trinh, the Nguyen thalassocracy turned its attention to the south, dispatching their first interference in Cambodia, overthrowing its first and only Muslim king Ramathipadi I in 1658. The Nguyen had periodically invaded Cambodia several times from 1658 to 1692 on par with Siam. In 1682, Panduranga reportedly sent envoys led by the king's brothers who had fled after the king's coronation to Ayudhya in a possible search for Siamese protection.[43]

In 1692, lord

ethnic Viet settler colonialism,[44] but Cham revolts in 1693–96 forced the Nguyen lord to mitigate the resentment by abolishing the Binh Thuan county, restoring the Cham monarchy with full rights, but as a vassal of the Nguyen, according to a following treaty signed in 1712. In 1694, Panduranga king Po Saktiraydapatih (r. 1695–1727) received the title King of Thuan Thanh.[45] From 1695 onward, Panduranga had been reduced to a client state of the Nguyen domain, known as the Principality of Thuận Thành (Trấn Thuận Thành – Principality of 'Submissive Citadel').[46][47]

Society

During the 16th century, Cham merchants renewed their commercial links and actively traded in

Macao, Malacca, Johor, Pahang, Patani, and Makassar
. Among their exports, Cham textile was famously consumed.

The 17th-century Chinese compendium Xiyang Chao Gong Dian Lu (Tributes from the countries of the Western Sea, c. 1650) describes a type of Cham brewed liquor that is made from cooked rice, mixed with wine and medicines, contained in pottery, and is drunk by long bamboo straws. People would sit around the container and take sips.

Proselytization of Islam increased sharply after the fall of Vijaya, as missionary Gabriel de San Antonio wrote a description in 1585: "The locals (Chams) hated the Castilians and believed prophecies made by the Moro (Muslims), that there would be a king Mahoma (a Muslim king), and many would embrace the new faith."

Currently, there are two theories among academic consensus regard the

apostle of Islam to Champa, proposed by scholars Antoine Cabaton and Pierre-Yves Manguin. The first theory states that Islam could have been introduced by Arab, Persian, Indian merchants, scholars, religious leaders, from the 10th to 14th century. The second theory argues that Islam arrived in Champa through a later, shorter, indirectly way from the Malays (jawa, melayu, chvea), according to Manguin, is more convincing and valid. Most historians agree that the Cham only began converting to Islam en masse after the destruction of Vijaya.[48] In his conclusion, Manguin attributes the Islamization of the Cham people to their active participation in the regional maritime networks, and the Malay states and Malay traders which also contributed great impacts to the process.[49]

List of kings (1471–1694)

King of Champa Reign
Abu Wan Abdullah Umalauddin Azmatkhan c. 1471–1478
Wan Abu Yusuf c. 1478
Wan Abdul Kadir Kou Lei c. 1478
Po Kabih c. 1510–1530
Po Karutdrak c. 1530–1536
Maha Sarak c. 1536–1541
Po Kunarai c. 1541–1553
Shafi'i Ibn Abu Khasim (Po At) c. 1553–1578
Po Klong Halau c. 1579–1603
Po Nit c. 1603–1613
Po Jai Paran c. 1613–1618
Po Aih Khang c. 1618–1622
Po Klong M'hnai
 c. 1622–1627
Sultan Abdul Hamid Shah (Po Rome) c. 1627–1651
Sultan Ibrahim
(Po Nraop)		 c. 1651–1653
Po Saktiraydapaghoh c. 1654–1657
Wan Muhammad Amin (Po Jatamah) c. 1657–1659
Po Saut (Wan Daim) c. 1660–1692

References

Citations

  1. ^ Nguyễn, Nhân Thống (2001). "Nguồn gốc các Địa danh Đà Nẵng – Hội An – Nha Trang – Phan Rang". Tạp chí Ngôn ngữ và Đời sống (in Vietnamese). 4 (66): 17&40.
  2. ^ a variant (indigenous Austronesianized form) of the Sanskrit word Pāṇḍuraṅga
  3. ^ Po 2013, p. 56.
  4. ^ Po 2013, p. 55.
  5. ^ Zottoli 2011, p. 9.
  6. ^ Po 2013, p. 13.
  7. ^ Po 2013, pp. 174–175.
  8. ^ Po 2013, p. 58.
  9. ^ Po 2013, p. 173.
  10. ^ Po 2013, p. 59.
  11. ^ Po 2013, p. 60.
  12. ^ Po 2013, p. 61.
  13. ^ Po 2013, p. 62.
  14. ^ Po 2013, p. 63.
  15. ^ Nakamura 2020, p. 32.
  16. ^ Po 2013, p. 70.
  17. ^ Weber 2016, p. 164.
  18. ^ Weber 2016, p. 165.
  19. ^ Po 2013, p. 71.
  20. ^ Po 2013, p. 275.
  21. ^ Po 2013, pp. 71–72.
  22. ^ a variant of the Sanskrit word Pāṇḍuraṅga
  23. ^ Po 2013, p. 72.
  24. ^ Po 2013, p. 276.
  25. ^ Zottoli 2011, p. 102.
  26. ^ a variant of the Sanskrit word Pāṇḍuraṅga
  27. ^ a b Po 2013, p. 73.
  28. ^ Po 2013, p. 76.
  29. ^ Miksic & Yian 2016, p. 527.
  30. ^ Kiernan 2019, pp. 236–237.
  31. ^ Kiernan 2019, p. 236.
  32. ^ Borschberg 2015, pp. 91–92.
  33. ^ Wong 2011, p. 244.
  34. ^ Zottoli 2011, p. 210.
  35. ^ Po 2013, p. 74.
  36. ^ Po 2013, p. 75.
  37. ^ Bruckmayr 2019, p. 28.
  38. ^ Nakamura 2020, p. 33.
  39. ^ Po 2013, pp. 74, 76, 78–79.
  40. ^ Wong 2011, p. 246.
  41. ^ Zottoli 2011, p. 228.
  42. ^ Wong 2011, p. 245.
  43. ^ Wong 2011, pp. 247–248.
  44. ^ Po 2013, p. 79.
  45. ^ Wong 2011, p. 254.
  46. ^ Po 2013, p. 80.
  47. ^ Kiernan 2019, p. 240.
  48. ^ Nakamura 2020, p. 29.
  49. ^ Nakamura 2020, p. 30.

Bibliography

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panduranga_(Champa)&oldid=1218680737"