Pelargonium
Pelargonium | |
---|---|
Pelargonium cucullatum | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Geraniales |
Family: | Geraniaceae |
Genus: | Pelargonium L'Hér.[1][a] |
Type species | |
Pelargonium hirsutum (Burm. f.) Sol. ex Aiton Pelargonium cucullatum[b] (L.) Aiton | |
Subgenera
| |
| |
Diversity | |
Around 280 species[4] |
Pelargonium (
While Geranium species are mostly
Etymology
The name Pelargonium is derived from the
Description
Pelargonium occurs in a large number of
The flower has a single symmetry plane (
Taxonomy
Pelargonium is the second largest genus (after Geranium) within the
Genus history
The name Pelargonium was first proposed by
Circumscription
Pelargonium is distinguished from the other genera in the family
Subdivision
These are as follows;
- section Campylia (Lindley ex Sweet) de Candolle
- section Chorisma (Lindley ex Sweet) de Candolle
- section Ciconium (Sweet) Harvey
- section Cortusina (DC.) Harvey
- section Glaucophyllum Harvey
- section Hoarea (Sweet) de Candolle
- section Isopetalum (Sweet) de Candolle
- section Jenkinsonia (Sweet) de Candolle
- section Ligularia (Sweet) Harvey
- section Myrrhidium de Candolle
- section Otidia (Lindley ex Sweet) de Candolle
- section Pelargonium (Sweet) Harvey
- section Peristera de Candolle
- section Polyactium de Candolle
- section Reniformia (Knuth) Dreyer
- section Subsucculentia J.J.A. van der Walt
Phylogenetic analyses
All subdivision classifications had depended primarily on morphological differences till the era of
In the proposed scheme of Weng et al. there would be two
Thus Röschenbleck et al. (2014) provide a complete revision of the subgeneric classification of Pelargonium based on four subgenera corresponding to their major clades (A, B, C1, C2);
- subgenus Magnipetala Roeschenbl. & F. Albers Type: Pelargonium praemorsum (Andrews) F Dietrich
- subgenus Parvulipetala Roeschenbl. & F. Albers Type: Pelargonium hypoleucum Turczaninow
- subgenus Paucisignata Roeschenbl. & F. Albers Type: Pelargonium zonale (L.) L'Hér. in Aiton
- subgenus Pelargonium L'Hér. Type: Pelargonium cucullatum (L.) Aiton[8]
Sixteen sections were then assigned to the new subgenera as follows, although many species remained only assigned to subgenera at this stage
- subgenus Magnipetala 3 sections
- section Chorisma (Lindley ex Sweet) de Candolle - 4 species
- section Jenkinsonia (Sweet) de Candolle - 11 species
- section Myrrhidium de Candolle - 8 species
- subgenus Parvulipetala 3 sections
- section Isopetalum (Sweet) de Candolle - 1 species (Pelargonium cotyledonis (L.) L'Hér.)
- section Peristera de Candolle - 30 species
- section Reniformia (Knuth) Dreyer - 8 species
- subgenus Paucisignata 2 sections
- section Ciconium (Sweet) Harvey - 16 species
- section Subsucculentia J.J.A. van der Walt - 3 species
- subgenus Pelargonium 8 sections
- section Campylia (Lindley ex Sweet) de Candolle - 9 species
- section Cortusina (DC.) Harvey - 7 species
- section Hoarea (Sweet) de Candolle - 72 species
- section Ligularia (Sweet) Harvey - 10 species
- section Magnistipulacea Roeschenbl. & F. Albers Type: Pelargonium schlecteri Knuth - 2 subsections
- subsection Magnistipulacea Roeschenbl. & F. Albers Type: Pelargonium schlecteri Knuth - 2 species (P. schlecteri & P. luridum)
- subsection Schizopetala (Knuth) Roeschenbl. & F. Albers Type: Pelargonium caffrum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steudel - 3 species (P. caffrum, P. bowkeri, P. schizopetalum)
- section Otidia (Lindley ex Sweet) de Candolle - 14 species
- section Pelargonium L'Hér. - 34 species
- section Polyactium de Candolle - 2 subsections
- subsection Caulescentia Knuth - 1 species (Pelargonium gibbosum)
- subsection Polyactium de Candolle - 7 species
Subgenera
Subgenus Magnipetala: Corresponds to clade C1, with 24 species. Perennial to short lived, spreading
Subgenus Parvulipetala: Corresponds to clade B, with 39-42 species. Perennials, partly annuals. Petals five and equal, colour white or pink to deep purplish red. Mainly South Africa, but also other southern hemisphere except South America. a few species in East Africa and Ethiopia. Chromosomes x=7-19.
Subgenus Paucisignata: Corresponds to clade C2, with 25-27 species. Erect sometimes trailing shrubs or subshrubs, rarely geophytes or semi-geophytes. Petals five and equal, colour pink to red sometimes white. Summer rainfall region of South Africa, spreading into winter rainfall region and northern Namibia, with a few species in tropical Africa, Ethiopia, Somalia, Madagascar, the Arabian Peninsula and Asia Minor. Chromosomes x=mainly 9 or 10, but from 4-18.
Subgenus Pelargonium: Corresponds to clade A, with 167 species. Frequently
Species
Pelargonium has around 280 species.[4][21] Röschenbleck et al lists 281 taxa.[8] There is considerable confusion as to which Pelargonium are true species, and which are cultivars or hybrids. The nomenclature has changed considerably since the first plants were introduced to Europe in the 17th century.[22]
Distribution
Pelargonium is a large genus within the family
Ecology
Pelargonium species are eaten by the
The
A study by the Laboratory of Apiculture & Social Insects group at the
Pests and diseases
The geranium bronze butterfly is a pest of Pelargonium species. The larvae of the geranium bronze bore into the stem of the host plant, causing the stem to typically turn black and die soon after. Geranium bronze are currently listed as an A2 quarantine pest by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization and can cause significant damage to Pelargonium species.[33]
Cultivation
Various types of Pelargonium are regular participants in flower shows and competitive events, with numerous societies devoted exclusively to their cultivation. They are easy to propagate
Cultivation history
The first species of Pelargonium known to be cultivated was P. triste, a native of
Cultivars
There was little attempt at any rational grouping of Pelargonium cultivars, the growing of which was revived in the mid-twentieth century, and the origins of many if not most were lost in obscurity. In 1916 the American botanist
Registration of cultivars is the responsibility of the Pelargonium & Geranium Society (PAGS: formed in 2009 from the British Pelargonium and Geranium Society and the British and European Geranium Society)[44] which administers the International Register of Pelargonium Cultivars.[45] PAGS is the International Cultivar Registration Authority (ICRA) of the International Society for Horticultural Science for pelargoniums.[46]
Cultivated pelargoniums are commonly divided into six groups[47] in addition to species pelargoniums and primary hybrids. The following list is ordered by position in the PAGS classification.[48] Abbreviations indicate Royal Horticultural Society usage.[49]
- A. Zonal (Z)
- B. Ivy-leaved (I)
- C. Regal (R)
- D. Angel (A)
- E. Unique (U)
- F. Scented-leaved (Sc)
- G. Species
- H. Primary hybrids
Of these, A, U and Sc groups are sometimes lumped together as Species Derived (Sppd). This term implies that they are closely related to a species from which they were derived, and do not fit into the R, I or Z groups.[50]
In addition to the primary groups, additional descriptors are used. The Royal Horticultural Society has created description codes. These include;[49]
- Cactus (Ca)
- Coloured foliage (C)
- Decorative (Dec)
- Double (d)
- Dwarf (Dw)
- Dwarf Ivy-leaved (Dwl)
- Frutetorum (Fr)
- Miniature (Min)
- Miniature Ivy-leaved (MinI)
- Stellar (St)
- Tulip (T)
- Variegated (v)
These may then be combined to form the code, e.g. Pelargonium 'Chelsea Gem' (Z/d/v), indicating Zonal Double with variegated foliage.[51] Crosses between groups are indicated with an ×, e.g. Pelargonium 'Hindoo' (R × U), indicating a Regal × Unique cross.[52]
A. Zonal pelargoniums (Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey)
These are known as zonal geraniums because many have zones or patterns in the center of the leaves,
Zonal pelargoniums are mostly bush-type plants with succulent stems grown for the beauty of their flowers, traditionally red, salmon, violet, white or pink.[36] The scarlet colouring is attributed to the contribution of P. inquinans.[17] Flowers may be double or single. They are the pelargoniums most often confused with genus Geranium, particularly in summer bedding arrangements. This incorrect nomenclature is widely used in horticulture, particularly in North America.[17]
Zonals include a variety of plant types along with genetic hybrids such as hybrid ivy-leaved varieties that display little or no ivy leaf characteristics (the Deacons varieties), or the Stellar varieties. Hybrid zonals are crosses between zonals and either a species or species-derived pelargonium.[50] There are hundreds of zonal cultivars available for sale,[54] and like other cultivars are sold in series such as 'Rocky Mountain',[55] each of which is named after its predominant colour, e.g. 'Rocky Mountain Orange', 'White', 'Dark Red', etc.[56]
- (i) Basic plants – Mature plants with foliage normally exceeding 180 mm (7 in) in height above the rim of the pot. For exhibition these should be grown in a pot exceeding 120 mm (4+3⁄4 in) in diameter but not normally exceeding 165 mm (6+1⁄2 in).
- (ii) Dwarf plants – Smaller than basic. Mature plants with foliage more than 125 mm (5 in) above the rim of the pot, but not normally more than 180 mm (7 in). For exhibition should be grown in a pot exceeding 90 mm (3+1⁄2 in) but not exceeding 120 mm (4+3⁄4 in). They should not exceed 200 mm in height, grown in an 11 cm pot.[50]
- (iii) Miniature plants – Slowly growing pelargoniums. Mature plants with foliage normally less than 125 mm (5 in) above the rim of the pot. For exhibition should be grown in a pot not exceeding 90 mm (3+1⁄2 in). They should not exceed 125 mm in height, grown in a 9 cm pot.[50]
- (iv) Micro-miniature plants – Smaller and more slowly growing than miniature pelargoniums. Mature plants with foliage normally less than 100 mm (4 in) above the rim of the pot. They should not exceed 75 mm in height, grown in a 6 cm pot.[50] Usually no separate classes for these in exhibition and will therefore normally be shown as Miniature Zonals.
- (v) Deacon varieties –Genetic hybrid similar to a large Dwarf. For exhibition (when shown in a separate class), usually grown in a pot not exceeding 125 mm (5 in), otherwise as for Dwarf Zonals.
- (vi) Stellar varieties – A relatively modern genetic hybrid originating from the work done by the Australian hybridiser Ted Both in the late 1950s and 1960s from crosses between Australian species and Zonal types. Easily identifiable by their distinctive half-star-shaped leaves and slim-petalled blooms which create an impression of being star shaped (or five fingered). Single varieties tend to have larger elongated triangular petals whereas doubles tend to have thin feathered petals that are tightly packed together. For exhibition purposes there is a separate class for 'Stellar' varieties, but being Zonals could be shown in an open class for Basic, Dwarf or Miniature Zonals (unless otherwise stated). Also known as "The Five-fingered Geraniums", "Staphysagroides", "Both’s Staphs", "Both’s Hybrid Staphs", "Fingered Flowers" and "Bodey’s Formosum Hybrids".[50]
Fancy-leaf zonal pelargoniums – besides having green leaves with or without zoning, this group also have variable coloured foliage[50] that is sometimes used in classifying for exhibition purposes, e.g. ‘Bicolour’, ‘Tricolour’, ‘Bronze’ or ‘Gold’. Other foliage types are: ‘Black’ or ‘Butterfly’. There are an increasing number of these plants with showy blooms;
- (a) Bicolour – includes those with white or cream veined leaves or those with two distinct colours with clearly defined edges, other than the basic zone.
- (b) Tricolour – (May be Silver Tricolour (usually called a Silver Leaf) or a Gold Tricolour).
- (i) Gold Tricolour – Leaves of many colours including red and gold, but usually with clearly defined edges of golden yellow and having a leaf zone, usually red or bronze, that overlays two or more of the other distinct leaf colours, so that the zone itself appears as two or more distinct colours.
- (ii) Silver Tricolour or Silver Leaf – These tend to resemble a normal bi-colour leaf plant with two distinct colours usually of green and pale cream or white; the third colour is usually made up of bronze zoning. When this zoning overlays the green part of the leaf it is deemed to represent a silver colour.
- (c) Bronze Leaved – Leaves of Green or Golden/Green with a heavy bronze or chestnut coloured centre zone which is known as a medallion. For exhibition purposes, when exhibited in specific ‘Bronze’ Leaf class – Must have over 50% of leaf surface bronze coloured. The dwarf plant ‘Overchurch’ which has a heavy bronze medallion.
- (d) Gold Leaved – Leaves coloured golden/yellow or green/yellow but not showing a tendency to green. For exhibition purposes, when exhibited in specific ‘Gold’ Leaf class – Must have over 50% of leaf surface gold coloured.
- (e) Black Leaved – Leaves coloured black, purple-black or with distinct large dark zones or centre markings on green.
- (f) Butterfly Leaved – Leaves with a butterfly marking of distinct tone or hue in centre of leaf. This can be encompassed in many of the coloured leaf varieties.
Zonal pelargoniums have many flower types, as follows:[50]
- (a) Single flowered (S) – each flower pip normally having no more than five petals. This is the standard flower set for all Pelargoniums.
- (b) Semi-double flowered (SD) – each flower pip normally having between six and nine petals.
- (c) Double flowered (D)– each flower pip composed of more than nine petals (i.e. double the standard flower set) but not ‘hearted’ like the bud of a rose, e.g. the dwarf ‘Dovepoint’ which has full double blooms.
- (d) Rosebud (or noisette) flowered – each bloom fully double and ‘hearted’. The middle petals are so numerous that they remain unopened like the bud of a rose.[50]
- (e) Tulip flowered – having semi-double blooms that never fully open. The large cup shaped petals open just sufficiently to resemble a miniature tulip.
- (f) Bird's-egg group – having blooms with petals that have spots in a darker shade than the base colour, like many birds eggs.[50]
- (g) Speckled flowered group – having petals that are marked with splashes and flecks of another colour, e.g. ‘Vectis Embers’.
- (h) Quilled (or cactus-flowered group, or poinsettia in USA) – having petals twisted and furled like a quill.[50]
“Zonquil” pelargoniums result from a cross between Zonal pelargonium cultivars and P. quinquelobatum.[50]
B. Ivy-leaved pelargoniums (derived from Pelargonium peltatum)
Also known as "ivy geraniums".[50]Usually of lax growth (trailing), mainly due to the long thin stems, with thick, waxy ivy-shaped stiff fleshy evergreen leaves developed by the species P. peltatum to retain moisture during periods of drought. Much used for hanging pots, tubs and basket cultivation. In the UK the bulbous double-headed types are preferred whilst on the European continent the balcon single types for large-scale hanging floral displays are favoured. Ivy-leaved pelargoniums embrace all such growth size types including small-leaved varieties and genetic hybrid crosses, which display little or no zonal characteristics. May have bicolour leaves and may have flowers that are single, double or rosette. Ivy pelargoniums are often sold as series such as 'Great Balls of Fire', in a variety of colours such as 'Great Balls of Fire Burgundy'.
Additional descriptive terms include;[50]
- Hybrid Ivy — the result of ivy × zonal crosses, but still more closely resemble ivy-leaved pelargoniums.
- Fancy leaf — leaves with marked color variation, together with or other than green.
- Miniature — miniature leaves and flowers, stems with short nodes, and compact growth. e.g. 'Sugar Baby'[57] listed as Dwarf Ivy (DwI) by RHS.[49]
C. Regal pelargoniums (Pelargonium × domesticum Bailey)
These are large bush-type floriferous evergreen pelargoniums. In addition to "Regals" they are also known as “Show Pelargoniums”. In the United States they are often known as the "Martha Washington" or ‘"Lady Washington" pelargoniums. They are grown primarily for the beauty and richness of their flower heads, which are large. Most of those cultivars grown currently are the result of hybridization over the last 50 years. They are very short-jointed and compact, which results in their requiring very little work in order to create a floriforous and well-rounded plant.[50][48] Flowers are single, rarely double, in mauve, pink, purple or white. They have rounded, sometimes lobed or partially toothed (serrated) leaves, unlike the Zonal groups, without any type of zoning.
Additional descriptive terms include;[50]
- Fancy leaf – Leaves with marked variations in colour
- Decorative pelargoniums (Decoratives) – Descendants of older, less compact, smaller-flowered varieties that are more suited to outdoor conditions. These have smaller flowers than Regal, but are otherwise similar. e.g. ‘Royal Ascot’
- Miniature – Flowers and leaves similar to Regal, but miniature in form, with compact growth. Other terms include “Pansy Geraniums” or “Pansy Pelargoniums”. e.g. ‘Lara Susan’
- Oriental pelargoniums – The result of crosses between Regals and members of the Angel group (see below). Some have bicolour foliage.
D. Angel pelargoniums (derived from Pelargonium crispum)
Angel pelargoniums are similar to Regal pelargoniums but more closely resemble P. crispum in leaf shape and growth habit. The majority of Angel cultivars originate from a cross between P. crispum and a Regal variety in the early part of the 20th century. Angels have grown in popularity in the last 30 years or so due mainly to an explosion of new varieties being released by specialist nurseries resulting from the work done by dedicated amateur hybridisers. These hybrisers have managed to obtain many new flower colour breaks and tighter growth habits resulting in plants suitable for all sorts of situations. Angels basically have the appearance of a small Regal with small serrated leaves and much smaller flowers and are more compact and bushy. The group extends to include similar small-leaved and -flowered types but usually with P. crispum in their parentage. They are mostly upright bush-type plants but there are some lax varieties that can be used for basket or hanging pot cultivation. Often called "pansy-faced" in the US. Some varieties have bicolour foliage. Other terms include ‘Langley-Smith Hybrids’.[50]
E. Unique pelargoniums (derived from Pelargonium fulgidum)
Unique in sense of not fitting into any of the above categories. The parentage of Unique pelargoniums is confused and obscure. One theory being a derivation from P. fulgidum, but a derivation from an older cultivar 'Old Unique’, also known as or ‘Rollinson’s Crimson’, in the mid-19th century is also claimed.[50] Unique pelargoniums resemble upright Scented Leaf pelargoniums in being shrubby and woody evergreens. They have distinctly scented leaves, and small flowers with blotched and feathered petals. They may have bicolour foliage. Some types, popularly known in the hobby as hybrid Uniques, have been crossed with Regal pelargoniums and, as a result of this cross, are much more floriferous.
- Cultivar
- Fiery-flowered Stork's-bill, Scarlet Unique Scented Geranium (P. × ignescens)[58] - a P. fulgidum hybrid[59]
F. Scented-leaved pelargoniums
Shrubby evergreen perennials grown chiefly for their fragrance, may be species or cultivars but all must have a clear and distinct scented foliage. Scent is emitted when the leaves are touched or bruised with some scents aromatic, others pungent and in a few cases, quite unpleasant. Several of the scented leaved pelargoniums are grown for the oil geraniol, which is extracted from the leaves and is an essential oil much used commercially in perfumery. The scent of some species growing in their natural habitat, acts as a deterrent to grazing animals who appear to dislike the emitted scent. Conversely, it also attracts other insect life to visit the bloom and pollinate the plant. The scented leaves can be used for potpourri and they also have a use as flavourings in cooking. Occasionally scented types can be found in some of the other groups mentioned; for example, the Angels, having P. crispum in their genetic makeup, can often have a strong citrus scent. Leaves are lobed, toothed, incised or variegated. Growth habit is very variable, but the flowers are less prominent than other groups, and most closely resemble the species they originated from.[50]
These include:
- Almond - Pelargonium quercifolium
- Apple - Pelargonium odoratissimum
- Apple - Pelargonium cordifolium
- Apple/Mint - Pelargonium album
- Apricot/Lemon - Pelargonium scabrum
- Balsam - Pelargonium panduriforme
- Camphor - Pelargonium betulinum
- Celery - Pelargonium ionidiflorum
- Cinnamon - Pelargonium 'Ardwyck Cinnamon'
- Coconut - Pelargonium grossalarioides(Pelargonium parriflorum)
- Eau de Cologne - Pelargonium 'Brilliantine'
- Eucalyptus - Pelargonium 'Secret Love'
- Grapefruit - Pelargonium 'Poquita'
- Ginger - Pelargonium 'Torrento' or 'Cola Bottles' which is a variety of Pelargonium x nervosum
- Hazelnut - Pelargonium 'Odorata Hazelnut
- Lavender - Pelargonium 'Lavender Lindy'
- Lemon - Pelargonium crispum
- Lemon - Pelargonium citronellum (Synonym - Pelargonium 'Mabel Grey')
- Lemon Balm - Pelargonium x melissinum
- Lime - Pelargonium x nervosum
- Myrrh - Pelargonium myrrhifolium
- Nutmeg - Pelargonium x fragrans
- Old Spice - Variety of Pelargonium x fragrans
- Orange - Pelargonium x citriodorum (Synonym - Pelargonium 'Prince of Orange')
- Peach - Pelargonium 'Peaches and Cream'
- Peppermint - Pelargonium tomentosum
- Pine - Pelargonium denticulatum
- Pineapple - Pelargonium 'Brilliant'
- Raspberry - Pelargonium 'Red Raspberry'
- Rose - Pelargonium graveolens (Synonym - Pelargonium roseum)
- Rose - Pelargonium capitatum
- Rose - Pelargonium radens
- Southernwood - Pelargonium abrotanifolium
- Spicy - Pelargonium exstipulatum
- Strawberry - Pelargonium x scarboroviae
- Cultivars
- 'Attar of Roses' - a cultivar of P. capitatum
- 'Crowfoot Rose' - a cultivar of P. radens
- 'Dr. Livingston' - a cultivar of P. radens
- 'Grey Lady Plymouth' - a cultivar of P. graveolens
- 'Prince Rupert' - a cultivar of P. crispum
G. Species pelargoniums
The species are the forefathers of all the cultivar groups listed above. In general, the definition of a species is that it breeds true, and is to be found doing this in the "wild". Species pelargoniums have a large diversity of characteristics in habit, shape, size and colour, which probably accounts for them having retained their popularity for more than 300 years.
H. Primary hybrids
A primary hybrid is recognised as being the resultant plant from a first-time cross between two different known species. Examples are P. × ardens – from P. lobatum × P. fulgidum (1810). P. × glauciifolium – from P. gibbosum × P. lobatum (1822). Usually, but not always, primary hybrids are sterile.
List of AGM pelargoniums
The following is a selection of pelargoniums which have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
- 'Attar of Roses' (rose scented leaves, pink flowers)[60]
- 'Citriodorum' (lemon scented leaves, rose pink flowers)[61]
- 'Dolly Varden' (variegated leaves, scarlet flowers)[62]
- 'Frank Headley' (cream vareigated leaves, salmon pink flowers)[63]
- 'Fringed Aztec' (white & purple fringed flowers)[64]
- 'Gemstone' (scented leaves, pink flowers)[65]
- 'Grace Thomas' (lemon scented leaves, pale pink flowers)[66]
- 'Joy' (pink & white frilled flowers)[67]
- 'Lady Plymouth' (P. graveolens variegata - small mauve flowers)[68]
- 'Lara Candy Dancer' (scented leaves, pale mauve flowers)[69]
- 'Lara Starshine' (aromatic leaves, lilac flowers)[70]
- 'L'Élégante' (ivy-leaved, trailing, white and purple flowers)[71]
- 'Mabel Grey' (lemon-scented leaves, mauve flowers)[72]
- 'Mrs Quilter' (bronze leaves, salmon pink flowers)[73]
- 'Radula' (lemon & rose scented leaves, pink & purple flowers)[74]
- 'Royal Oak' (balsam scented leaves, mauve flowers)[75]
- 'Spanish Angel' (lilac & magenta flowers)[76]
- 'Sweet Mimosa' (balsam-scented leaves, pale pink flowers)[77]
- 'Tip Top Duet' (pink & wine-red flowers)[78]
- 'Voodoo' (crimson & black flowers)[79]
- P. tomentosum (peppermint-scented leaves, small white flowers)[80]
Usage
Ornamental plants
Pelargoniums rank as one of the highest number of potted flowering plants sold and also in terms of wholesale value.[36]
Scented leaf pelargoniums
Other than being grown for their beauty, species such as
Herbal medicine
In
Pets
According to the
Chemistry
Pelargonin (pelargonidin 3,5-O-diglucoside) is a petal pigment of the scarlet pelargonium.[86]
Culture
The chemist, John Dalton, realized that he was color blind in 1794 when he heard others describe the color of the flowers of the pink Pelargonium zonale[87] as pink or red, when to him it looked either pink or blue, having no relationship to red at all.[88]
Notes
- ^ The generic description of Pelargonium in Hortus Kewensis was copied from L’Heritier’s unpublished manuscript titled Compendium Generalogium[2]
- ^ It has been stated that the choice of P. hirsutum was made arbitrarily,[3] and that Pelargonium cucullatum (L.) Aiton, designated by van der Walt[2] should be the lectotype species. Furthermore, P. hirsutum is not currently recognised as an accepted name.
References
- ^ William Aiton (1789). Hortus Kewensis. Vol. ii. London: Nicol. p. 417.
- ^ a b van der Walt 1979.
- ^ van der Walt & Vorster 1981.
- ^ a b c "Pelargonium L'Hér. ex Aiton". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ Sunset Western Garden Book. 1995. pp. 606–07.
- ^ Dillenius 1732, De Geraniorum Differentiis.
- ^ a b Boddy 2013, Introduction p. 11.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Roschenbleck et al 2014.
- ^ a b The Pelargonium Page
- ISBN 978-1889538228.
- ^ a b Robert A. Price and Jeffrey D. Palmer. Phylogenetic Relationships of the Geraniaceae and Geraniales from rbcL Sequence Comparisons. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden Vol. 80, No. 3 (1993), pp. 661-671
- ^ Dillenius 1732, De Geraniorum Differentiis p. 149.
- ^ a b Handlos, Wayne (2013). "18th Century: Important People, Dates and Publications in the History of Pelargonium". Geraniums Online. Central Coast Geranium Society. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
- ^ a b Lis-Balchin 2002, Diana Miller. The taxonomy of Pelargonium species and cultivars: Classification history p. 52.
- ^ Dillenius 1732, Geranium Africanum p. 151.
- ^ Linnaeus 1753, Geranium p. 676.
- ^ a b c d Taylor 2014, Pelargonium.
- A. P. de Candolle; et al. (1824–1873). "Geraniaceae: Pelargonium". Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta. Vol. I. Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Würtz. p. 649. (also available online at Gallica)
- ^ Handlos, Wayne (2010). "The Sections of Pelargonium". Geraniums Online. Central Coast Geranium Society. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
- ^ Knuth, R (1912). "5: Pelargonium L'Hér.". In Adolf Engler (ed.). Das Pflanzenreich: regni vegetablilis conspectus (in German). Vol. 129: Geraniaceae. Leipzig: Engelmann. p. 316. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
- ^ PMID 22677167.
- ^ a b Sayre, James K. (2003). "Scented Geraniums or Pelargoniums". Bottlebrushpress.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-08.
- ^ "Butterflies of Kwazulu-Natal" (PDF). Durban Natural Science Museum Novitates.
- ^ Peter Eeles. "Geranium bronze". UK Butterflies. Retrieved 2017-09-26.
- ^ Davis, J.J. 1920. The green Japanese beetle. New Jersey Department of Agriculture Circular. 30: 33.
- .
- S2CID 85069089.
- .
- ^ Geraniums and Begonias: New Research on Old Garden Favorites (the March 2010 issue of Agricultural Research magazine.)
- PMID 21205899.
- )
- S2CID 83908634.
- ^ Martinou, A.F.; Papachristos, D.; Milonas, P.G. (2011). "Report of the Geranium Bronze Butter y, Cacyreus marshalli for mainland Greece". Hellenic Plant Protection Journal.
- ISBN 978-1405332965.
- ^ "Gardening - Gardening Guides - Techniques - Taking pelargonium cuttings". BBC. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
- ^ a b c d e CA grant 2704584, Hanes, Mitchell E., "Flower pigmentation in pelargonium hortorum", published October 29, 2013
- ^ Gardner, Eva (2 June 2023). "2023 How to Successfully Propagate Geranium in 5 Simple Steps". www.helpfulhomeadvice.com. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
- ^ Minimum Temperatures for Geranium Plants
- ^ Wilkinson 2007, p. 189.
- ^ Handlos, Wayne (2010). "Connections, Legacies, and Contributions:Liberty Hyde Bailey, Jr". Geraniums Online. Central Coast Geranium Society. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
- ^ Dauthenay 1897.
- ^ Amadio 2015.
- ^ Wilkinson 2007, Appendix 2: Horticultural Classification and Glossary.
- ^ PAGS 2015, About us.
- ^ PAGS 2015, International Register of Pelargonium Cultivars.
- ^ ISHS 2015, ICRA: Pelargonium and Geranium Society.
- ^ a b RHS 2015, Pelargonium (geranium).
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- ^ a b c RHS 2015, Horticultural classification for Pelargonium L'Her. ex Aiton.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t PAGS 2015, Horticultural symbols and terms.
- ^ "Pelargonium 'Chelsea Gem'". Royal Horticultural Society.
- ^ "Pelargonium 'Hindoo'". Royal Horticultural Society.
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Pelargonium ×hortorum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
- ^ Hutchinson Farm: Zonal Geraniums
- ^ Hutchinson Farm: Rocky Mountain Geraniums
- ^ The University of Tennessee Gardens: Pelargonium x hortorum Rocky Mountain™ 'Dark Red'
- ^ "Pelargonium 'Sugar Baby'". Royal Horticultural Society.
- ^ Sweet 1822, Pelargonium ignescens.
- ^ Cornett, Peggy (2013). "Pelargonium fulgidum hybrid - Scarlet Unique Geranium". Monticello.org. Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
- ^ "Pelargonium 'Attar of Roses'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ "Pelargonium 'Citriodorum'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ "Pelargonium 'Dolly Varden'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ "Pelargonium 'Frank Headley'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ "Pelargonium 'Fringed Aztec'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ "Pelargonium 'Gemstone'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ "Pelargonium 'Grace Thomas'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ "Pelargonium 'Joy'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ "Pelargonium 'Lady Plymouth'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ "Pelargonium 'Lara Candy Dancer'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ "Pelargonium 'Lara Starshine'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ "Pelargonium 'L'Élégante'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ "Pelargonium 'Mabel Grey'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ "Pelargonium 'Mrs Quilter'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ "Pelargonium 'Radula'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ "Pelargonium 'Royal Oak'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ "Pelargonium 'Spanish Angel'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ "Pelargonium 'Sweet Mimosa'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ "Pelargonium 'Tip Top Duet'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ "Pelargonium 'Voodoo'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ "Pelargonium tomentosum". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
- ^ a b "Pelargoniums - An Herb Society of America Fact Sheet" (PDF). The Herb Society of America. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
- ^ Stables, Daniel. "The British islands that disappear every day". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2022-08-30.
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Bibliography
Books
- Bakker, F. T.; Culham, A. & Gibby, M. (1999). "Chapter16. Phylogenetics and diversification in Pelargonium". In Hollingsworth, P.; Bateman, R. & Gornall, R. (eds.). Molecular Systematics and Plant Evolution. CRC Press. pp. 353–374. ISBN 978-0-7484-0908-2.
- Boddy, Kasia (2013). Geranium. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 9781780230580. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
- Butterfield, Harry Morton (1953). Geraniums and pelargoniums for the home garden. Berkeley: University of California. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
- Lis-Balchin, Maria, ed. (2002). Geranium and pelargonium: the genera geranium and pelargonium. London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-28487-5. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
- Mabberley, David J (2013). "Pelargonium". Mabberley's Plant-Book (3 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 641. ISBN 978-1107782594. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
- Taylor, Judith M. (2014). Visions of Loveliness: Great Flower Breeders of the Past. Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780804040624. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
- van der Walt & Vorster (1971–1988). Pelargoniums of Southern Africa (3 vols). Illustrated by Ellaphie Ward-Hilhorst. Cape Town & Johannesburg: Purnell.
- Wilkinson, Ann (2007). The Passion for Pelargoniums. How They Found Their Place in the Garden. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 9780752496061. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
Historical
- Dillenius, Johann Jakob (1732). Hortus Elthamensis seu Plantarum Rariorum ... (in Latin). London: Sumptibus Auctoris. Archived from the originalon 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
- Hortus Elthamensis on Gallica
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- Dauthenay, Henri (1897). Les Géraniums (Pelargonium zonale & inquinans): description et culture ... (in French). Paris: Octave Doin. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
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Articles and theses
- Aedo, Carlos & Garmendia, Félix Muñoz (Feb 1996). "Some Notes on the Sectional Nomenclature of Geranium (Geraniaceae)". Taxon. 45 (1): 104–106. JSTOR 1222593.
- Bakker, Freek T.; Culham, Alastair; Pankhurst, Clive E. & Gibby, Mary (May 2000). "Mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA-based phylogeny of Pelargonium (Geraniaceae)". Am. J. Bot. 87 (5): 727–734. PMID 10811797.
- Bakker, Freek T.; Culham, Alastair; Hettiarachi, Priyani; Touloumenidou, Tasoula & Gibby, Mary (Feb 2004). "Phylogeny of Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) based on DNA sequences from three genomes". Taxon. 53 (1): 17–28. JSTOR 4135485.
- Lalli, Jacqueline Yolande Yvette (2005). In Vitro Pharmacological Properties and Composition of Leaf Essential Oils and Extracts of Selected Indigenous Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) Species (PDF) (MPharm). University of the Witwatersrand. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
- Röschenbleck, J; Albers, F; Müller, K; Weinl, S & Kudla, J (11 February 2014). "Phylogenetics, character evolution and a subgeneric revision of the genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae)" (PDF). Phytotaxa. 159 (2): 31–76. .
- van der Walt, J.J.A. (1979). "Notes on the nomenclature of Pelargonium Geraniaceae". Journal of South African Botany. 45: 377–380. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
- van der Walt, J.J.A. & Vorster, P.J. (February 1981). "Typification of the Genus Pelargonium L'Hérit. (Fam. Geraniaceae)". Taxon. 30 (1): 307. JSTOR 1219408.
Societies
- ISHS (2015). "International Society for Horticultural Science". Retrieved 13 July 2015.
- RHS (2015). "Royal Horticultural Society". Retrieved 19 June 2015.
- PAGS (2023). "The Pelargonium & Geranium Society". Retrieved 25 Jan 2023.
- AGS (2014). "Australian Geranium Society". Retrieved 8 July 2015.
- HSA (2015). "The Herb Society of America" (PDF). Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
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: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)** - Amadio, Marisa (2015). "The Geraniaceae Group". Retrieved 13 July 2015.