Pendimethalin
Names | |
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Preferred IUPAC name
3,4-Dimethyl-2,6-dinitro-N-(pentan-3-yl)aniline | |
Identifiers | |
3D model (
JSmol ) |
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ChEBI | |
ChemSpider | |
ECHA InfoCard
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100.049.927 |
EC Number |
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KEGG | |
PubChem CID
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UNII | |
UN number | 3077 2588 |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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Properties | |
C13H19N3O4 | |
Molar mass | 281.312 g·mol−1 |
Density | 1.17 g/cm3 |
Melting point | 47 to 58 °C (117 to 136 °F; 320 to 331 K) |
Boiling point | 330 °C (626 °F; 603 K) |
0.275 ppm | |
Hazards | |
GHS labelling: | |
Warning | |
H317, H410 | |
P261, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P321, P333+P313, P363, P391, P501 | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Pendimethalin is an
Use
Pendimethalin protects crops like wheat, corn, soybeans, potatoes, cabbage, peas, carrots, and asparagus. It is used to control annual grasses and certain broadleaf weeds which interfere with growth, development, yield and quality of agricultural and horticultural crops by competing on nutrients, water and light.
In areas where weed infestation is particularly high, yield losses can render wheat production economically unviable.[3] In addition to wheat, a large number of crops are grown in Europe that are a relatively small percentage of total agricultural output. Herbicide options are limited for these minor crops, with few effective herbicides available in the vegetable sector.[4] Long-term field studies performed in Germany by governmental research and advisory institutes together with farmers rank Pendimethalin as an efficient herbicide to control blackgrass, regarding to weed control efficacy, crop yield, treatment costs and environmental impact.[5][6][7]
Mode of action
Pendimethalin acts both pre-emergence, that is before weed seedlings have emerged, and early post-emergence. Pendimethalin inhibits root and shoot growth. It controls the weed population and prevents weeds from emerging, particularly during the crucial development phase of the crop. Its primary
Risk factor for developing pancreatic cancer
In a study, published in the International Journal of Cancer, it has been suggested that Pendimethalin exposure is associated with higher incidence of pancreatic cancer.[8] Mechanistic studies linking Pendimethalin exposure to higher incidence of pancreatic cancer are however still lacking, warranting for additional studies.
Resistance
Herbicide
Registrative status
Pendimethalin is registered globally for a wide range of crops, according to human and environmental safety standards by the European Commission, US-EPA, Canada-PMRA, Japan, Brazil-ANVISA and others.
Tradenames
Tradenames include Satellite, Halts, Prowl, PRE-M, Stomp, Stealth and Pendulum, Hilpendi etc.
References
- ^ EXTOXNET
- ^ PMID 20192743. p. 328
- ^ Clarke, Wynn, Twinning, Berry, Cook, Ellis and Gladders Pesticide availability for cereals and oilseeds following revision of Directive 91/414/EEC; effects of losses and new research priorities. In: HGCA Research Review. Nr. 70, 2009.
- ^ Little J.: EU´s pesticide regulation must be challenged. In: FarmBusiness. 2009 S. 26–27.
- ^ Gehring, K. and S. Thyssen: Unkrautmanagement im Getreidebau – Herbizid-Leistungszahl – eine mehrfaktorielle Bewertung von Herbizidbehandlungen. LFL Pflanzenschutz. Institut für Pflanzenschutz der Bayerischen Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft. In: Freising-Weihestephan, Deutschland. 2004.
- ^ Gehring, K. and S. Thyssen: Unkrautmanagement im Getreidebau – Herbizid-Leistungszahl – eine mehrfaktorielle Bewertung von Herbizidbehandlungen. LFL Pflanzenschutz. Institut für Pflanzenschutz der Bayerischen Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft. In: Freising-Weihestephan, Deutschland. 2007.
- ^ Gehring, K.: Ackerfuchschwanz und Windhalm – die zwei bedeutendsten Ungräser im Getreidebau. In: Getreide Magazin. Nr. 1, 2009, S. 20-25.
- PMID 19142867.
- ^ Moss, S. R. and R. Hull: The value of pre-emergence herbicides for combating herbicide-resistant Alopecurus myosuroides (blackgrass). In: Aspects of Applied Biology. Nr. 91, 2009.
External links
- Pendimethalin in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB)