Glufosinate

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Glyphosate.
Glufosinate
Skeletal formula of glufosinate
Ball-and-stick model of the glufosinate zwitterion
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
2-Amino-4-[hydroxy(methylphosphonoyl)]butanoic acid
Other names
Phosphinothricin
Identifiers
3D model (
JSmol
)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard
 100.051.893 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 257-102-5
KEGG
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C5H12NO4P/c1-11(9,10)3-2-4(6)5(7)8/h4H,2-3,6H2,1H3,(H,7,8)(H,9,10) checkY
    Key: IAJOBQBIJHVGMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • O=P(O)(CCC(C(=O)O)N)C
Properties
C5H12NO4P
Molar mass 181.128 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
checkY verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Glufosinate (also known as phosphinothricin and often sold as an

antibacterial, antifungal and herbicidal properties. Application of glufosinate to plants leads to reduced glutamine and elevated ammonia levels in tissues, halting photosynthesis and resulting in plant death.[3]

Discovery

In the 1960s and early 1970s, scientists at

racemic mixture; this racemic mixture is called glufosinate and is the commercially relevant version of the chemical.[4]
: 91–92 

In the late 1980s scientists discovered enzymes in these Streptomyces species that selectively inactivate free phosphinothricin; the gene encoding the enzyme that was isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus was called the "bialaphos resistance" or "bar" gene, and the gene encoding the enzyme in Streptomyces viridochromogenes was called "phosphinothricin acetyltransferase" or "pat".[4]: 98  The two genes and their proteins have 80% homology on the DNA level and 86% amino acid homology, and are each 158 amino acids long.[4]: 98 

Use

Glufosinate use in the USA in 2018

Glufosinate is a broad-spectrum herbicide that is used to control important weeds such as

yellow nutsedge similar to glyphosate. It is applied to young plants during early development for full effectiveness.[3] It is sold in formulations under brands including Basta, Rely, Finale, Challenge and Liberty.[3]
Glufosinate is typically used in three situations as an herbicide:

Glufosinate also has shown to provide some protection against various plant diseases, as it also acts to kill fungi and bacteria on contact.[6]

Genetically modified crops

Genetically modified crops resistant to glufosinate were created by genetically engineering the bar or pat genes from streptomyces into the relevant crop seeds.[4]: 98 [7] In 1995 the first glufosinate-resistant crop, canola, was brought to market, and it was followed by corn in 1997, cotton in 2004, and soybeans in 2011.[7]

Mode of action

Phosphinothricin is a

glutamate site. Glufosinate-treated plants die due to a buildup of ammonia in the thylakoid lumen, leading to the uncoupling of photophosphorylation.[6] The uncoupling of photophosphorylation causes the production of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and membrane destruction.[8]

Elevated levels of ammonia are detectable within one hour after application of phosphinothricin.[3]

Toxicity

Exposure to humans in foods

As glufosinate is often used as a pre-harvest desiccant, it can be found in foods that humans ingest. Such foods include potatoes, peas, beans, corn, wheat, and barley. In addition, the chemical can be passed to humans through animals who are fed contaminated straw. Flour processed from wheat grain that contained traces of glufosinate was found to retain 10-100% of the chemicals' residues.[9]

The herbicide is also persistent; it has been found to be prevalent in spinach, radishes, wheat and carrots that were planted 120 days after the treatment of the herbicide.[3] Its persistent nature can also be observed by its half-life which varies from 3 to 70 days depending on the soil type and organic matter content.[3] Residues can remain in frozen food for up to two years and the chemical is not easily destroyed by cooking the food item in boiling water.[9] The EPA classifies the chemical as 'persistent' and 'mobile' based on its lack of degradation and ease of transport through soil. A study revealed the presence of circulating PAGMF in women with and without pregnancy, paving the way for a new field in reproductive toxicology including nutrition and utero-placental toxicities[10]

Exposure limits

There are no exposure limits established by the

Occupational Safety & Health Administration or the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.[11] The WHO/FAO recommended acceptable daily intake (ADI) for glufosinate is 0.02 mg/kg.[9] The European Food Safety Authority has set an ADI of 0.021 mg/kg. The Acute reference dose (ARfD) for child-bearing women is 0.021 mg/kg.[9]

Regulation

Glufosinate is a United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA registered chemical. It is also a California registered chemical. It is not banned in the country and it is not a PIC pesticide.[12] There are no exposure limits established by OSHA or the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.[11]

Glufosinate is not approved for use as an herbicide in Europe; it was last reviewed in 2007 and that registration expired in 2018.

reprotoxic chemical (R1b).[14]

References

  1. ^ "glufosinate-ammonium". PPDB: Pesticide Properties DataBase.
  2. PMID 15574905
    .
  3. ^ a b c d e f Topsy Jewell for Friends of the Earth (December 1998). "Glufosinate ammonium fact sheet". Pesticides News No.42. Archived from the original on 2015-07-01.
  4. ^
    ISBN 9783642594168
  5. ^ "The agronomic benefits of glyphosate in Europe" (PDF). Monsanto Europe SA. February 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-17.
  6. ^
    ISBN 9780080931395. Page 97
  7. ^
    ISBN 9781118043547 Page 112
  8. ^ Summary of Herbicide Mechanism of Action, HRAC and WSSA
  9. ^ a b c d Watts, Meriel. "Glufosinate Ammonium Monograph" (PDF). Pesticide Action Network Asia and the Pacific. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  10. S2CID 16144327
    .
  11. ^ a b "Chemical Identification and Company Information : DL-Phosphinothricin, Monoammonium Salt" (PDF). Phytotechlab.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-04-25.
  12. ^ The Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC)
  13. ^ European Commission. Glufosinate in EU Pesticides Database Page accessed August 7, 2015
  14. ^ Anses. L’Anses procède au retrait de l’autorisation de mise sur le marché du Basta F1, un produit phytopharmaceutique à base de glufosinate Page accessed October 26, 2017

External links

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