Pentapetalae

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Pentapetalae
Cerasus (Rosaceae)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Class:
Eudicotyledoneae
(unranked): Gunneridae
Clade: Pentapetalae
DE Soltis, PS Soltis & WS Judd 2007
Clades and orders[1]

In

angiosperms, with wide variability in habit, morphology, chemistry, geographic distribution, and other attributes. Classical systematics, based solely on morphological information, was not able to recognize this group. In fact, the circumscription of the Pentapetalae as a clade is based on strong evidence obtained from DNA molecular analysis data.[3][4][5]

The Pentapetalae clade is composed of the orders Berberidopsidales—including the family Aextoxicaceae[6][7]—Caryophyllales, Santalales and Saxifragales, the families Dilleniaceae and Vitaceae and all members of the clades Asteridae and Rosidae.[8]

superrosid clades and those that arose in parallel in both, and then to explore their evolutionary implications.[10]

Description

As the name of the clade suggests, the Pentapetalae have a characteristic type of flower made up of whorls of five pieces each. The perianth is formed by a sepal and a corona perfectly differentiated. The sepals are innervated by three or more vascular bundles—called leaf scars[11]—originating in the vascular system of the petiole, while the petals have only one trace. The stamen usually has twice as many pieces as the calyx and corona, which are arranged in two whorls. When the number of stamens is greater than twice the number of pieces of the perianth, they are arranged in fascicles or in a centrifugal spiral.[2][8]

pollen grain in Arabis

spermatophytes—that is, gymnosperms, monocots and paleodicots—have monoculcate pollen, with a single pore located in a groove called a "sulcus".[2][8]

The

pistil, finally, commonly terminates in a style and a stigma that is not decurrent. The fruit is dry and dehiscent, when it is a capsule it shows loculicidal dehiscence. Regarding the interaction between pollen and pistil, pentapetalous plants have a gametophytic incompatibility system based on the RNAase system.[2][8] Another anatomical characteristic of Pentapetalae is the presence of a closed root apical meristem. From the phytochemical point of view, this group of plants present cyanogenesis—that is, they biosynthesize cyanogenetic glycosides that by hydrolysis originate cyanide—through the metabolic pathway of branched amino acids, such as leucine, isoleucine and valine.[2][8]

Diversity

Dilleniales

Flower of Dillenia indica.

filaments are also persistent.[12]

Berberidopsidales

Flowers of Berberidopsis corallina

filament and the seeds present endotesta
.

The flowers of

carpels with parietal placentation. In contrast, Aextoxicon has unisexual and pentamerous flowers. Male flowers have a distinct calyx and corona and a haplostomous androcecium. Female flowers have the same type of perianth, but the number of pieces is more variable.[15][16]

Given these differences between the two genera belonging to the same family, it has been suggested that the floral development of Berberidopsidales is a "link" in the evolution of the Gunneridae[17][18] flower, and that the floral morphology of Aextoxicon, with features such as the highly variable number of sepals and spirally arranged petals, is also compatible with this hypothesis.[19] However, the position of the Berberidopsidales in the phylogenetic tree is not congruent with it.[20]

Santalales

Flowers of Santalum album

The order

Ximeniaceae are now recognized.[26]

Rosids

Rose uchiyamane flower.

The

eudicotyledons containing approximately 70 000 species,[27] more than a quarter of the total number of angiosperm species.[28] It has been subdivided into some 16 to 20 orders, depending on the circumscription and classification adopted. These orders, in turn, comprise about 140 families.[29]
Together with the asterids, they constitute the two largest groups of eudicotyledons.

The rosids share a few morphological characteristics that distinguish them from other groups, such as the presence of

nectaries in the floral receptacle, the long embryo and the distinctive mucilaginous cells. At the molecular level, the rossids are characterized by the loss of function of the chloroplast infA gene and the absence of the coxII.i3 intron in the mitochondrion.[2]

Asterids

Inflorescence of an asteraceae.

The

angiosperm species.[28][29] Together with the rosids, they constitute the two largest groups of eudicotyledons. They represent the most apotypic clade of the angiosperms, or, as it is inappropriately called, "most evolved". The group most likely originated in the Cenozoic, about 50 million years ago, and its success is related to its adaptation to insect pollinators. Four of the largest families of angiosperms belong to this clade: the Asteraceae, the Rubiaceae, the Lamiaceae and the Apocynaceae.[2]

The plants belonging to this clade are characterized by being herbaceous, with

compositae.[2]

Evolution and phylogeny

The age of this clade has been estimated at 113 to 116 million years.[30][31][20] The oldest macrofossils of eudicots, which unfortunately cannot be attributed to any extant group, belong to the Cretaceous-Cenomanian, just 96–94 million years old.[20]

Analyses of complete chloroplast genome sequences allowed us to resolve the relationships among the major Pentapetalae clades. Immediately after diverging from the

micropyle that forms from the outer integument or both integuments.[34][35][20]

Several putative

exine, the presence of sclereids in the leaves, the isomerism of the androcecium and the fused carpels unite the santalales, the caryophyllales and the asterids. Likewise, leaves without stipules may be another synapomorphic character, although Berberidopsidaceae have stipules and Aextoxicaceae lack them; thus, the ancestral status of Berberidopsidales and asterids is still unclear.[2][20]

The initial divergence between the Dilleniales, superrosids and superasterids must have occurred very quickly, within a period of one million years after the initial separation of the Pentapetalae from the Gunnerales. Likewise, the superrosids and superasterids show an early and very rapid divergence since the lineages that led to the Vitaceae, Saxifragales, and rosids arose within a period of only five million years, as did those that led to the appearance of the Berberidopsidales, Caryophyllales, and asterids.[20]

The following cladogram summarizes the phylogenetic relationships within the Pentapetalae clade and this clade.[36][37]

eudicots
basal eudicots

(paraphyletic group:

Trochodendrales, Buxales
)

core eudicots

Gunnerales

Pentapetalae

Dilleniales

superrosids

Saxifragales

rosids

Vitales

eurosids

fabids
(8 orders)

malvids
(8 orders)

superasterids

Santalales

Berberidopsidales

Caryophyllales

asterids

Cornales

Ericales

euasterids

campanulids
(7 orders)

lamiids
(8 orders)

The names lamiids (for euasterids I) and campanulids (for euasterids II) were suggested by Bremer et al. (2002) and later suggested fabiids (for eurosids I) and malvids (for eurosids II).

References

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  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Stevens, P.F. 2006. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, versión 7. http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/ Archived 2001-12-02 at the Wayback Machine Access date: May 10, 2010.
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  11. ^ Gonzáles, A.M; Arbo, M.M. "Organización del cuerpo de la planta. Tema 2: Hoja. Glosario". Morfología de Plantas Vasculares (in Spanish). Argentina: Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Archived from the original on September 29, 2010. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
  12. ^ Stevens, P. F. 2010. Dilleniales Archived 2019-06-09 at the Wayback Machine Angiosperm Phylogeny Website Archived 2010-02-06 at the Wayback Machine version 7 (May 2006) and updated regularly since then. Access date: 08/22/2011.
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  15. ^ Baillon, H. (1870). "Histoire des Plantes II". Hachette (in French). Paris: Elaeagnacées: 487–495.
  16. ^ Takhtajan A. 1997. Diversity and classification of flowering plants. New York: Columbia University Press
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  19. ^ Ronse De Craene, Louis P. (2010). "Floral Development and Anatomy of Aextoxicon punctatum (Aextoxicaceae‐Berberidopsidales): An Enigmatic Tree at the Base of Core Eudicots". International Journal of Plant Sciences.
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  22. ^ Moore M., Bell C., Soltis P. S., Soltis D. E.. 2008. Analysis of an 83-gene, 86-taxon plastid genome data set resolves relationships among several deep-level eudicot lineages Archived 2022-11-10 at the Wayback Machine. From Botany 2008: Botany without Borders, annual meeting of the Botanical Society of America, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 97.
  23. ^ Nickrent, D. L.; Duff, R. J.; Colwell, A. E.; Wolfe, A. D.; Young, N. D.; Steiner, K. E.; De Pamphilis, C. W. (1998). "Molecular phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of parasitic plants". In Soltis D. E., Soltis P. S., Doyle J. J. [eds.] Kluwer, Boston, Massachusetts, EEUU.: 211–241.
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  32. ^ Cronquist, A (1981). An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants. New York: Columbia Univ Press.
  33. ^ Takhtajan, A.L. (1997). Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants. New York: Columbia Univ Press.
  34. JSTOR 2992003. Archived
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  35. ^ Stevens PF. 2011 Phylogeny, version 9. Accessed September 1, 2011.
  36. ^ Cole, Theodor C. H.; Hilger, Hartmut H. (2013). "Angiosperm Phylogeny" (PDF). Flowering Plant Systematics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-17. Retrieved 2022-11-07.
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