Valine

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Valine
Skeletal formula of neutral valine
Zwitterionic
valine
Names
IUPAC name
Valine
Other names
2-Amino-3-methylbutanoic acid
2-Aminoisovaleric acid
Valic acid
Identifiers
3D model (
JSmol
)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
DrugBank
ECHA InfoCard
 100.000.703 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • L: 200-773-6
IUPHAR/BPS
KEGG
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C5H11NO2/c1-3(2)4(6)5(7)8/h3-4H,6H2,1-2H3,(H,7,8)/t4-/m0/s1 checkY
    Key: KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-BYPYZUCNSA-N checkY
  • D/L: Key: KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • D: Key: KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-SCSAIBSYSA-N
  • L: CC(C)[C@@H](C(=O)O)N
  • L Zwitterion: CC(C)[C@@H](C(=O)[O-])[NH3+]
Properties[3]
C5H11NO2
Molar mass 117.148 g·mol−1
Density 1.316 g/cm3
Melting point 298 °C (568 °F; 571 K) (decomposition)
soluble, 85 g/L [1]
Acidity (pKa) 2.32 (carboxyl), 9.62 (amino)[2]
-74.3·10−6 cm3/mol
Supplementary data page
Valine (data page)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Valine (symbol Val or V)

codons
starting with GU (GUU, GUC, GUA, and GUG).

History and etymology

Valine was first isolated from

Hermann Emil Fischer.[5] The name valine comes from its structural similarity to valeric acid, which in turn is named after the plant valerian due to the presence of the acid in the roots of the plant.[6][7]

Nomenclature

According to IUPAC, carbon atoms forming valine are numbered sequentially starting from 1 denoting the carboxyl carbon, whereas 4 and 4' denote the two terminal methyl carbons.[8]

Metabolism

Source and biosynthesis

Valine, like other branched-chain amino acids, is synthesized by bacteria and plants, but not by animals.

glutamate. Enzymes involved in this biosynthesis include:[11]

  1. Acetolactate synthase (also known as acetohydroxy acid synthase)
  2. Acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase
  3. Dihydroxyacid dehydratase
  4. Valine aminotransferase

Degradation

Like other branched-chain amino acids, the catabolism of valine starts with the removal of the amino group by

alpha-ketoisovalerate, an alpha-keto acid, which is converted to isobutyryl-CoA through oxidative decarboxylation by the branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex.[12] This is further oxidised and rearranged to succinyl-CoA, which can enter the citric acid cycle
.

Synthesis

Racemic valine can be synthesized by bromination of isovaleric acid followed by amination of the α-bromo derivative[13]

HO2CCH2CH(CH3)2 + Br2 → HO2CCHBrCH(CH3)2 + HBr
HO2CCHBrCH(CH3)2 + 2 NH3 → HO2CCH(NH2)CH(CH3)2 + NH4Br

Medical significance

Metabolic diseases

The degradation of valine is impaired in the following metabolic diseases:

Insulin resistance

Lower levels of serum valine, like other branched-chain amino acids, are associated with weight loss and decreased insulin resistance: higher levels of valine are observed in the blood of diabetic mice, rats, and humans.[14] Mice fed a BCAA-deprived diet for one day had improved insulin sensitivity, and feeding of a valine-deprived diet for one week significantly decreases blood glucose levels.[15] In diet-induced obese and insulin resistant mice, a diet with decreased levels of valine and the other branched-chain amino acids resulted in a rapid reversal of the adiposity and an improvement in glucose-level control.[16] The valine catabolite 3-hydroxyisobutyrate promotes insulin resistance in mice by stimulating fatty acid uptake into muscle and lipid accumulation.[17] In mice, a BCAA-restricted diet decreased fasting blood glucose levels and improved body composition.[18]

Hematopoietic stem cells

Dietary valine is essential for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal, as demonstrated by experiments in mice.[19] Dietary valine restriction selectively depletes long-term repopulating HSC in mouse bone marrow. Successful stem cell transplantation was achieved in mice without irradiation after 3 weeks on a valine restricted diet. Long-term survival of the transplanted mice was achieved when valine was returned to the diet gradually over a 2-week period to avoid refeeding syndrome.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Physicochemical Information". emdmillipore. 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  2. OCLC 859821178
    .
  3. ISBN 0-8493-0462-8
    .
  4. ^ "Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides". IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. 1983. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
  5. ^ "Valine". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
  6. ^ "Valine". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
  7. ^ "Valeric acid". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
  8. ISBN 978-0-85186-144-9
    .
  9. OCLC 945482059
    .
  10. ISBN 978-0-309-08537-3
    .
  11. ISBN 1-57259-153-6
    ..
  12. OCLC 42290721
    .
  13. ^ Marvel CS (1940). "dl-Valine". Organic Syntheses. 20: 106; Collected Volumes, vol. 3, p. 848..
  14. PMID 25287287
    .
  15. PMID 24684822
    .
  16. PMID 29266268
    .
  17. PMID 26950361
    .
  18. PMID 27346343
    .
  19. S2CID 45815137
    .

External links

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