Pseudorhabdosynochus
| Pseudorhabdosynochus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Pseudorhabdosynochus morrhua | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Platyhelminthes |
| Class: | Monogenea |
| Order: | Dactylogyridea |
| Family: | Diplectanidae |
| Genus: | Pseudorhabdosynochus Yamaguti, 1958 |
| Species | |
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See text | |
Pseudorhabdosynochus is a genus of monopisthocotylean monogeneans, included in the family Diplectanidae. The type-species of the genus is Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli (Yamaguti, 1938).
The genus includes more than 80 species, which are all parasitic on the gills of marine fish, especially groupers. Since groupers are mostly abundant in warm waters, species of Pseudorhabdosynochus are found in warm parts of the oceans, especially in coral reefs, but species have also been found in deep-sea groupers. Several species of Pseudorhabdosynochus are pathogens of maricultured groupers.
Morphology
All species of Pseudorhabdosynochus are small animals, ranging 0.3–1 mm in length.
As most monogeneans, they are flat, with an anterior head bearing four oculi and head
Adults are
Etymology and nomenclatural case
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The origin of the name Pseudorhabdosynochus merits an explanation. ‘Pseudo-’ (from Greek ψευδής, pseudes, "lying, false") is a prefix commonly used in creating a new scientific name for a taxon that superficially appears to be a taxon, but actually is another. The famous Japanese parasitologist Satyu Yamaguti described a ‘membranous plaque’ on the posterior region of Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli and created[1] the generic name Pseudorhabdosynochus in reference to the diplectanid genus Rhabdosynochus which, in his interpretation, also had lateral plaques. It has been shown later that ‘plaques’ in P. epinepheli was an erroneous interpretation of damaged specimens.[2][3] Moreover, the diagnosis of Rhabdosynochus was later modified and it is now considered that species of this genus do not have plaques.[4] Therefore, the genus name Pseudorhabdosynochus is the result of both an erroneous observation and an erroneous comparison by Satyu Yamaguti. However, it is valid according to the ICZN.[2]
Pseudorhabdosynochus is also an interesting nomenclatural case. Yamaguti described the same species twice, the first time in 1938 [5] (as Diplectanum epinepheli Yamaguti, 1938) and the second time in 1958 [1] (as Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli Yamaguti, 1958). In both papers, the species was described from parasites collected from the same fish species, the grouper & Beverley-Burton (1986) [2] solved this case with reference to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. The type-species of the genus is the name Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli Yamaguti, 1958. Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli Yamaguti, 1958 is a junior synonym of Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli (Yamaguti, 1938) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986 and Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli (Yamaguti, 1938) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986 is the modern valid combination for Diplectanum epinepheli Yamaguti, 1938. The latter species (a taxon) and the type-species of the genus (a name) are considered to correspond to the same biological taxon but have different, although valid, names. Recent re-examination of type-specimens have confirmed this interpretation. [3]
Hosts
Species of Pseudorhabdosynochus are parasitic exclusively on the
As most
Life cycle
The
Information is available for the life-cycle of
Certain species of Pseudorhabdosynochus parasitize groupers which show
Pathology and control in mariculture
Species of Pseudorhabdosynochus are attached to the gills of groupers. No information is available on the pathogen effect of these parasites in wild groupers. Since the life-cycle is monoxenous and thus can be completed with a high rate of success in mariculture condition, species of Pseudorhabdosynochus can proliferate on gills of cultured groupers and become dangerous for the fish, inducing mortality.
Eradication of gill parasitic monogeneans is a problem because various chemical treatments can be harmful for the fish. Treatments used against Pseudorhabdosynochus species include freshwater,
List of species
Lists of species have been provided by Kritsky & Beverley-Burton (1986)[2] and Justine (2007). [11] The list below (about 80 species) is based on the World Register of Marine Organisms[24] with additions.
- P. americanus (Price, 1937) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986[2][25]
- P. amplidiscatus (Bravo-Hollis, 1954) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986[2][8]
- P. anulus Mendoza-Franco, Violante-Gonzalez & Herrera, 2011[6]
- P. argus Justine, 2007[26]
- P. auitoe Justine, 2007[11]
- P. bacchus Sigura, Chauvet & Justine, 2007[27]
- P. beverleyburtonae (Oliver, 1984) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986[2][28][29]
- P. bocquetae (Oliver & Paperna, 1984) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986[2][30]
- P. bouaini Neifar & Euzet, 2007[31][32]
- P. buitoe Justine, 2007[11]
- P. bunkleywilliamsae Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015[33]
- P. caballeroi (Oliver, 1984) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986[2][28]
- P. calathus Hinsinger & Justine, 2006[34]
- P. caledonicus Justine, 2005[35]
- P. capurroi Vidal-Martinez & Mendoza-Franco, 1998[36]
- P. cephalopholi Saengpheng & Purivirojkul, 2022[37]
- P. chauveti Sigura & Justine, 2008[16]
- P. chinensis Zhang & Liu, 2001[38]
- P. coioidesis Bu, Leong, Wong, Woo & Foo, 1999[39]
- P. contubernalis Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015[33]
- P. crassus Schoelinck & Justine, 2011[40]
- P. cuitoe Justine, 2007[11]
- P. cupatus (Young, 1969) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986[2][41]
- P. cyanopodus Sigura & Justine, 2008[16]
- P. cyathus Hinsinger & Justine, 2006[34]
- P. dionysos Schoelinck & Justine, 2011[40]
- P. dolicocolpos Neifar & Euzet, 2007[31][32]
- P. duitoe Justine, 2007[11]
- P. enitsuji Neifar & Euzet, 2007[31][32]
- P. epinepheli (Yamaguti, 1938) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986[2][5]
- P. euitoe Justine, 2007[11]
- P. exoticoides Justine & Henry, 2010[42]
- P. exoticus Sigura & Justine, 2008[16]
- P. firmicoleatus Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015[33]
- P. fuitoe Justine, 2007[11]
- P. fulgidus Mendoza-Franco, Violante-Gonzalez & Herrera, 2011[6]
- P. guerreroensis Mendoza-Franco, Violante-Gonzalez & Herrera, 2011[6]
- P. guitoe Justine, 2007[11]
- P. hargisi (Oliver & Paperna, 1984) Santos, Buchmann & Gibson, 2000[30][43]
- P. hayet Chaabane, Neifar, Gey & Justine, 2016[29]
- P. hirundineus Justine, 2005[44]
- P. huitoe Justine, 2007[11]
- P. hyphessometochus Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015[33]
- P. inversus Justine, 2008[45]
- P. jeanloui Knoff, Cohen, Cárdenas, Cárdenas-Callirgos & Gomes, 2015[7]
- P. justinei Zeng & Yang, 2007[46][47]
- P. justinella Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015[33]
- P. kasetsartensis Saengpheng & Purivirojkul, 2020[48]
- P. kritskyi Dyer, Williams & Bunkley-Williams, 1995[49]
- P. lantauensis (Beverley-Burton & Suriano, 1981) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986[2][50]
- P. maaensis Justine & Sigura, 2007[12]
- P. magnisquamodiscum (Aljoshkina, 1984) Santos, Buchmann & Gibson, 2000[43][51]
- P. malabaricus Justine & Sigura, 2007[12]
- P. manifestus Justine & Sigura, 2007[12]
- P. manipulus Justine & Sigura, 2007[12]
- P. marcellus Justine & Sigura, 2007[12]
- P. maternus Justine & Sigura, 2007[12]
- P. mcmichaeli Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015[33]
- P. meganmarieae Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015[33]
- P. melanesiensis (Laird, 1958) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986[2][52]
- P. minutus Justine, 2007[26]
- P. mizellei Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015[33]
- P. monaensis Dyer, Williams & Bunkley-Williams, 1994[53]
- P. morrhua Justine, 2008[54]
- P. mycteropercae Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015[33]
- P. oliveri Chaabane, Neifar, Gey & Justine, 2016[29]
- P. pai Justine & Vignon, 2009[55]
- P. podocyanus Sigura & Justine, 2008[16]
- P. quadratus Schoelinck & Justine, 2011[56]
- P. querni (Yamaguti, 1968) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986[2][57]
- P. regius Chaabane, Neifar & Justine, 2015[58]
- P. riouxi (Oliver, 1986) Santos, Buchmann & Gibson, 2000[43][59][32]
- P. samaesarnensis Saengpheng & Purivirojkul, 2022[37]
- P. satyui Justine, 2009[3]
- P. serrani (Yamaguti, 1953) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986[2][60]
- P. shenzhenensis Yang, Zeng & Gibson, 2005[61]
- P. sinediscus Neifar & Euzet, 2007[31][32]
- P. sosia Neifar & Euzet, 2007[31][29]
- P. spirani Mendoza-Franco, Violante-Gonzalez & Herrera, 2011[6]
- P. stigmosus Justine & Henry, 2010[42]
- P. sulamericanus Santos, Buchmann & Gibson, 2004[43][62]
- P. summanae (Young, 1969) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986[2][41]
- P. summanoides Yang, Gibson & Zeng, 2005[63]
- P. suratthaniensis Saengpheng & Purivirojkul, 2022[37]
- P. tabogaensis Mendoza-Franco, Violante-Gonzalez & Herrera, 2011[6]
- P. tumeovagina Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015[33]
- P. urceolus Mendoza-Franco, Violante-Gonzalez & Herrera, 2011[6]
- P. vagampullum (Young, 1969) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986[2][41]
- P. variabilis Justine, 2008[54]
- P. vascellum Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015[33]
- P. venus Hinsinger & Justine, 2006[64]
- P. viscosus Schoelinck & Justine, 2011[40]
- P. williamsi Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015[33]
- P. woodi Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015[33]
- P. youngi Justine, Dupoux & Cribb, 2009[47]
- P. yucatanensis Vidal-Martinez, Aguirre-Macedo & Mendoza-Franco, 1997[22]
References
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External links
- Amira Chaabane; Jean-Lou Justine (2020). "Even groupers have parasites". The Conversation. Figshare.
