Red fox sparrow

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Red fox sparrow
Probable eastern fox sparrow
Passerella iliaca iliaca

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Passerellidae
Genus: Passerella
Species:
P. iliaca
Subspecies:
P. i. iliaca
Trinomial name
Passerella iliaca iliaca
(Merrem, 1786)
Breeding ranges of the four fox sparrow groups

Red fox sparrow is the collective name for the most brightly colored

American sparrow genus
Passerella, the Passerella iliaca iliaca group.

Taxonomy

Pending wider-spread acceptance of species status, the red fox sparrow is currently classified as a "subspecies group"[2] within fox sparrows.

It has long been suspected to be a separate

sequence and haplotype data.[4][5] This group appears to be most closely related to the slate-colored fox sparrows,[6] but it is altogether likely to represent the basalmost divergence of the fox sparrow clade.[4]

Description

Port Rexton, Newfoundland and Labrador
Ottawa, Ontario

The red fox sparrow is a large sparrow with a length of 15–19 cm (6–7.5 in), wingspan of 27 cm (11 in) and an average weight of 32 grams (1.1 ounces).[7][8] The head is gray with a rufus crown auriculars or ear coverts. Throat is white with a rufus lateral stripe on each side. The lower bill is yellow while the top transitions from yellow at the bottom to black at the top. The breast has reddish brown streaks with a messy central spot. The streaks continue down the flanks but the belly is generally white. The combination of distinct rufus and gray streaks on the back with a gray rump is diagnostic. Sexes are morphologically similar.

Vocalization

Its voice is described as "a loud smack like Brown Thrasher".[8]

Behavior

Reproduction

Red fox sparrows breed in a wide band that stretches through mostly taiga habitat, from Newfoundland to northern Alaska. Their preferred breeding habitats are dense willow and alder thickets as well as spruce and fir bogs.

Red fox sparrows may nest on the ground, or in shrubs and trees. They typically nest less than 2 metres off the ground.

altricial and fledge in 9 to 11 days.[11]

Wintering and migration

They winter in

subtropical North America; in the northern United States and southern Canada they often only stop over on their migration further south. The spring migration starts around February, and by early May almost all birds have returned to the breeding grounds. In fall, they start to move south around early October, and by mid-November, only the last stragglers still remain up North.[12][13]

Ranges and geographic variation

Geographic variation in the iliaca subspecies group is minor compared to individual variation, both in morphology and molecular data samples.

malar stripe on average. The morphological distinction between the subspecies is not pronounced and the birds are not resident all year; therefore positive identification within the red fox sparrow complex is often not possible in the field, at least in some regions.[14]

However, the populations occupy different ranges, apparently—as far as they can be distinguished—with just a small band of overlap. The contact zone is roughly the area between the Nelson and lower Churchill Rivers, Manitoba, in summer. In winter, the Mississippi River and the US states of Alabama and Georgia mark the approximate boundary between the subspecies' ranges. P. i. iliaca occurs from S Wisconsin and Ontario east to Massachusetts and then along the coast north to southern Canada; it ranges south to the Gulf of Mexico and N Florida, whereas P. i. zaboria occurs from SE Minnesota to the Great Plains, south to Texas and east to the zone of overlap mentioned above.[15]

References

  1. ^ "Fox Sparrow (Red)". Retrieved 2022-09-15.
  2. ^ Not defined by the ICZN
  3. ^ Swarth H.W. (1920). "Revision of the avian genus Passerella with special reference to the distribution and migration of the races in California". University of California Publications in Zoology. 21: 75–224.
  4. ^
    PMID 28567786
    .
  5. ^ Zink, Robert M.; Kessen, A.E. (1999). "Species Limits in the Fox Sparrow". Birding. 31: 508–517.
  6. S2CID 85871498. PDF copy
  7. ^ Kilgore, S (2002). "Passerella iliaca". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 2008-04-15.
  8. ^
    ISBN 0-679-45122-6
    .
  9. ^ Erin Koran, E; Super, P (2008). "Passerella iliaca". NatureServe Explorer: An encyclopedia of Life. NatureServe. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
  10. ^
    ISBN 0-394-46651-9
    .
  11. ^ "Passerella iliaca". Discover Life in America. 2008. Archived from the original on 2007-07-02. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
  12. Wilson Bulletin
    . 18 (2): 47–60.
  13. ^ Ohio Ornithological Society (2004): Annotated Ohio state checklist Archived 2004-07-18 at the Wayback Machine.
  14. ISBN 0-691-11747-0
    p. 185
  15. doi:10.2173/bna.715
    (requires subscription)
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