Rheum (plant)
Rheum | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Order: | Caryophyllales |
Family: | Polygonaceae |
Subfamily: | Polygonoideae |
Genus: | Rheum L. |
Species | |
See text. | |
Synonyms[1] | |
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Rheum
Description
Rheum species are herbaceous perennials growing from fleshy roots. They have upright growing stems and mostly basal, deciduous leaves growing from short, thick
Taxonomy
The genus Rheum was erected in 1753 by
In 1936
Intergeneric relationships
Rheum is placed in the family Polygonaceae, subfamily Polygonoideae. Within the subfamily, it is in the tribe Rumiceae, along with the two genera Oxyria and Rumex. It is most closely related to Rumex.[15]
Rumiceae |
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Infrageneric classification
In the 1998 Flora Republicae popularis Sinicae A. R. Li proposed classifying the Chinese representatives of the genus into five sections. These sections are distinct morphologically, but as of 2010 studies in karyotypy, pollen morphology or molecular data (chloroplast DNA) have failed to elucidate interspecific relationships.[16][17]
- Sect. Rheum - Generally mid-sized species with entire, un-lobed leaves and whitish flowers.
- Sect. Deserticola (Maxim.) Losinsk. - Smallish species native to harsh desert environments.
- Sect. Nobilia A.R. Li - Large, monocarpic, high altitude species from the Himalayas that create their own mini-greenhouse by having an inflorescence tightly protected by transparent bracts.
- Sect. Palmata Losinsk. - The largest rhubarbs to 2m tall, with palmate, or otherwise lobed, leaves and reddish flowers.
- Sect. Spiciforma A.R. Li - Generally stemless, high altitude species with curiously hard, leathery leaves and an inflorescence with thin, spike-like panicles. Including many dwarf species.
Losinskaja used a slightly different classification in the Flora SSSR in 1936:[11]
- Sect. Acaulia Losinsk.
- Sect. Deserticola (Maxim.) Losinsk.
- Sect. Glabrifolia Losinsk.
- Sect. Palmata Losinsk.
- Sect. Rhapontica Losinsk.
- Sect. Ribesiformia Losinsk.
- Sect. Spiciformia Losinsk.
Species
The genus is represented by about 50–60 extant species.[1][17] The many cultivars of culinary rhubarb more usually grown for eating are recognised as Rheum × hybridum in the Royal Horticultural Society's list of recognised plant names. The drug rheum is prepared from the rhizomes and roots of another species, R. officinale or medicinal rhubarb. This species is also native to Asia, as is the turkey rhubarb, R. palmatum. Another species, the Sikkim rhubarb, R. nobile, is limited to the Himalayas.
The
The following is a partial list of species names, some of which, according to some authorities, are considered synonyms or not fully resolved or accepted:[13][14][19]
- Rheum acuminatum Hook.f. & Thomson
- Rheum alexandrae Batalin
- Rheum australe D.Don
- Rheum compactum L.
- Rheum cordatum Losinsk.
- Rheum coreanum Nakai
- Rheum darvasicum V.S.Titov ex Losinsk.
- Rheum delavayi Franch.
- Rheum fedtschenkoi Maxim. ex Regel
- Rheum forrestii Diels
- Rheum globulosum Gage
- Rheum hissaricum Losinsk.
- Rheum hotaoense C.Y.Cheng & T.C.Kao
- Rheum × hybridumMurray
- Rheum inopinatum Prain
- Rheum khorasanicum Baradaran & Jafari
- Rheum kialense Franch.
- Rheum laciniatum Prain
- Rheum lhasaense A.J.Li & P.K.Hsiao
- Rheum likiangense Sam.
- Rheum lucidum Losinsk.
- Rheum macrocarpum Losinsk.
- Rheum maculatum C.Y.Cheng & T.C.Kao
- Rheum maximowiczii Losinsk.
- Rheum moorcroftianum Royle
- Rheum nanum Siev. ex Pall.
- Rheum neyshabourense Baradaran & Jafari
- Rheum nobile Hook.f. & Thomson
- Rheum officinale Baill.
- Rheum palaestinum Feinbrun
- Rheum palmatum L.
- Rheum persicum Losinsk.
- Rheum platylobum Rech.f.
- Rheum przewalskyi Losinsk.
- Rheum pumilum Maxim.
- Rheum racemiferum Maxim.
- Rheum reticulatum Losinsk.
- Rheum rhabarbarum L.
- Rheum rhaponticum L.
- Rheum rhizostachyum Schrenk
- Rheum rhomboideum Losinsk.
- Rheum ribes L.
- Rheum spiciforme Royle
- Rheum subacaule Sam.
- Rheum sublanceolatum C.Y.Cheng & T.C.Kao
- Rheum × svetlanae Krassovsk.
- Rheum tanguticum (Maxim. ex Regel) Balf.
- Rheum tataricum L.f.
- Rheum tibeticum Maxim. ex Hook.f.
- Rheum turkestanicum Janisch.
- Rheum uninerve Maxim.
- Rheum webbianum Royle
- Rheum wittrockii C.E.Lundstr.
- Rheum yunnanense Sam.
Ecology
Rheum species have been recorded as
Rheum species are often the
R. ribes leaves are food for the moth
In the Taldy-Bulak valley in the Talas Alatau of Kyrgyzstan, the emerging leaves of R. maximowiczii are an important food source for Himalayan brown bear (Ursus arctos ssp. isabellinus) awakening from hibernation in April.[26]
Uses
Many Rheum species have food and medicinal uses. Some of these uses originated in Asia more than 2,000 years ago. All parts of the plant contain slightly
Some species are grown for their ornamental qualities, including R. acuminatum, R. alexandrae, R. australe, R. kialense, R. palmatum, R. rhabarbarum and R. ribes.[28]
The roots of R. macrocarpum are exploited in the
References
- ^ a b c "Rheum L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-03-10.
- ^ From Ancient Greek ῥῆον.
- ^ Vegetable Crops Production Guide for the Atlantic Provinces[dead link]
- ^ "Plant Name Details for Rheum L." The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2019-03-12.
- ^ Linnaeus, Carolus (1753). "Rheum ribes". Species Plantarum, Tomus I. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. Retrieved 2019-03-11.
- ISBN 978-0-19-866189-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4834-1859-9.
- ^ ISBN 0-620-23435-0.
- ^ J.P. Mallory & D.Q. Adams, Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, s.v. "dew" (London: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997), 158-9.
- ISBN 978-0-900513-04-6.
- ^ a b c Лозина-Лозинская, Агния Сергеевна (1936). "Rheum". In Комаро́в, Влади́мир Лео́нтьевич (ed.). Flora SSSR, Vol. 5 (in Russian). Moscow: Издателство Академии Наук СССР. pp. 482–501.
- ^ Бородина, А.Е.; Грубов, В.И.; Грудзинская, И.А.; Меницкий, Ю.Л. (1989). Растения Центральной Азии. По материалам Ботанического института им. В.Л.Комарова. Вып. 9. Ивовые - Гречишные. Л. [Plants of Central Asia: plant collections from China and Mongolia, Vol. 9] (in Russian). Moscow: Издателство Академии Наук СССР. pp. 77–93.
- ^ ISBN 0-521-45006-3.
- ^ a b Bojian (包伯坚), Bao; Grabovskaya-Borodina, Alisa E. (2003). "Rheum". In Zhengyi (吴征镒), Wu; Raven, Peter H.; Deyuan (洪德元), Hong (eds.). Flora of China, Vol. 5. Beijing: Science Press. p. 341.
- doi:10.12705/646.5.
- S2CID 86616077. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
- ^ PMID 15994840.
- ^ Грубов, В.И. (1963). Растения Центральной Азии. По материалам Ботанического института им. В.Л.Комарова. Вып. 1. Введение, Папоротники, Библиография. Л. [Plants of Central Asia: plant collections from China and Mongolia, Vol. 1] (in Russian). Moscow: Издателство Академии Наук СССР. p. 20.
- ^ "The Plant List: Rheum". Royal Botanic Garden, Kew and Missouri Botanic Garden. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
- ^ a b Savela, Markku. "Rheum". Lepidoptera and some other life forms. Markku Savela. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
- ^ Savela, Markku. "Callophrys". Lepidoptera and some other life forms. Markku Savela. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ Van Gölü Havzasında Kelebek Çeşitliliği (Diversity of the butterflies in Van Lake Basin East Turkey) by Muhabbet Kemal, 2008
- . Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ^ Muhabbet Kemal, Halil Özkol & Lokman Kayci (2008), Xylena Ochsenheimer in East Turkey with new provincial records and larval food-plants (Noctuidae, Lepidoptera), in Miscellaneous Papers, Centre for Entomological Studies Ankara, no: 139-140, 20.03.2008
- . Retrieved 16 March 2019.
- ^ Vladimir Kolbintsev & Kurt Vickery (April 2013). The Tulips of the Tien Shan (PDF) (Report). Greentours Natural History Holidays. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
- ^ Rheum rhabarbarum in Flora of North America @. Efloras.org. Retrieved on 2015-05-02.
- ISBN 0-88192-159-9.