SMS Friedrich Carl

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

For the broadside ironclad, see SMS Friedrich Carl (1867).

SMS Friedrich Carl in 1912
History
German Empire
NameFriedrich Carl
NamesakePrince Friedrich Carl
Builder
Blohm & Voss, Hamburg
Laid downAugust 1901
Launched21 June 1902
Commissioned12 December 1903
FateMined and sunk, 17 November 1914
General characteristics
Class and typePrinz Adalbert-class cruiser
Displacement
Length126.5 m (415 ft) o/a
Beam19.6 m (64 ft 4 in)
Draft7.43 m (24 ft 5 in)
Installed power
Propulsion
  • 3 × screw propellers
  • 3 ×
    triple-expansion steam engines
Speed20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph)
Range5,080 nautical miles (9,410 km; 5,850 mi) at 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph)
Complement
  • 35 officers
  • 551 men
Armament
Armor

SMS Friedrich Carl was a German

launched in June 1902, and commissioned in December 1903. She was armed with a main battery of four 21 cm (8.3 in) guns and could reach a top speed of 20 knots
(37 km/h; 23 mph).

Friedrich Carl served with the scouting forces of the Active Battle Fleet for the first few years of her career, including a stint as the flagship of the reconnaissance squadron. She went on cruises abroad, including voyages escorting Kaiser Wilhelm II on tours in the Mediterranean Sea. She also participated in extensive training exercises in the Baltic and North Seas. In 1909, she was withdrawn from front-line service and used as a torpedo training ship until 1914.

After the outbreak of World War I in July 1914, Friedrich Carl returned to active service for operations in the Baltic Sea against the Imperial Russian Navy. She served as the flagship of the cruiser squadron in the Baltic and participated in patrols in the Gulf of Finland. The ship was modified to carry a pair of seaplanes. In mid-November, the cruiser squadron was tasked with attacking the Russian base at Libau, but while en route on 17 November, Friedrich Carl struck a pair of naval mines. She remained afloat long enough for most of her crew to be taken off by the light cruiser SMS Augsburg before sinking; seven or eight men died as she sank.

Design

Main article: Prinz Adalbert-class cruiser
Top and side view of the ship, showing a shaded strip along the waterline and additional strakes above in the center of the vessel, which indicate the layout of the armor scheme. The ship has two large gun turrets, one forward and one aft, and an array of smaller guns on either side amidships.
Line-drawing of Prinz Adalbert; the shaded areas represent the portions of the ship protected by armor

Friedrich Carl was the second ship of the Prinz Adalbert class, which was ordered under the Second Naval Law of 1900. The law called for a force of fourteen armored cruisers able to serve in Germany's colonial empire and scout for the main German fleet in home waters. The need for one type of ship to fill both roles was the result of budgetary limitations, which prevented Germany from building vessels specialized to each task.[1][2] The Prinz Adalbert design was based on the previous armored cruiser, Prinz Heinrich, but it incorporated more powerful armament and more comprehensive armor protection.[3][4]

The ship was 126.5 m (415 ft)

kW) to yield a maximum speed of 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph), though she slightly exceeded these figures on speed trials. She carried up to 1,630 t (1,600 long tons; 1,800 short tons) of coal that enabled a maximum range of up to 5,080 nautical miles (9,410 km; 5,850 mi) at a cruising speed of 12 kn (22 km/h; 14 mph). Her standard crew consisted of 35 officers and 551 enlisted men.[3][4]

Friedrich Carl was armed with four

amidships. For defense against torpedo boats, she carried twelve 8.8 cm (3.5 in) guns in both single pedestal mounts and casemates. Friedrich Carl was also equipped with four 45 cm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes submerged below the waterline, one in the bow, one in the stern, and one on each broadside.[3][4]

The ship was protected by

Krupp armor; her armored belt was 100 mm (3.9 in) thick amidships and reduced to 80 mm (3.1 in) forward and aft. The deck armor was 40 to 80 mm (1.6 to 3.1 in) thick, and on her forward conning tower the plating was 150 mm (5.9 in) thick. The main battery turrets had 150 mm thick sides and the casemate guns were protected with 100 mm of Krupp steel.[3]

Service history

Construction through 1905

Friedrich Carl was ordered under the provisional name Ersatz König Wilhelm and built at the

Kapitän zur See (KzS—Captain at Sea) Johannes Merten.[6]

The trials were interrupted in March 1904 when Friedrich Carl was tasked with escorting

Victor Emmanuel III of Italy visited Friedrich Carl at Mahón before she, Hohenzollern, and the dispatch boat Sleipner began a tour of Mediterranean ports. Friedrich Carl was in need of repairs, so she left Hohenzollern and Sleipner on 26 April and began the voyage back to Germany; she stopped in Venice, Italy, on 7 May and arrived back in Kiel on 17 May. There, she was assigned to the reconnaissance force of the Active Battle Fleet, taking the place of the protected cruiser Victoria Louise.[7]

Beginning in June 1904, Friedrich Carl joined

coastal defense ship Odin and the torpedo boat S98 to Stavanger, Norway. On returning to Germany, the German fleet conducted its annual maneuvers in August and September in the North and Baltic Seas. Following the conclusion of the maneuvers in September, Merten was replaced as the ship's commander by Fregattenkapitän (FK—Frigate Captain) Hugo von Cotzhausen. The ship's sea trials were also officially ended at this point. In November, the crew briefly staged a mutiny against Cotzhausen, citing his inept leadership, though he remained in command. Konteradmiral (KAdm—Rear Admiral) Gustav Schmidt, who was the commander of reconnaissance forces of the Active Battlefleet, transferred from Prinz Heinrich, making Friedrich Carl the new flagship of the reconnaissance squadron.[8]

From January to February 1905, Friedrich Carl participated in training exercises in the Baltic. While cruising north of the

German Chancellor, Bernhard von Bülow, sent a message to Wilhelm II in Lisbon suggesting he visit Morocco, and on 31 March Friedrich Carl and Hamburg arrived in Tangier, where they met the French cruisers Du Chayla and Linois. Wilhelm II made a speech supporting Moroccan independence, which led to the First Moroccan Crisis. The following day, the two German vessels steamed to Gibraltar, where Friedrich Carl accidentally collided with the British pre-dreadnought battleship HMS Prince George. It is not known if either ship suffered any damage. During the cruise, Schmidt transferred to Prinz Heinrich. On her return to Germany in June, Friedrich Carl resumed her role as flagship, apart from during a maintenance period from 10 to 26 August.[9]

1905–1914

The North Sea lies to the north of Germany, bounded by Britain to the west, Norway to the east; the Baltic Sea is to the northeast of Germany, with Sweden and Russia to the north and east.
Map of the North and Baltic Seas in 1911

In July, Friedrich Carl joined the rest of the fleet for a cruise in the North and Baltic Seas, during which she ran aground but was not damaged. She then participated in squadron exercises in the Baltic. In February 1906, she went on a training cruise to Denmark. The new armored cruiser Yorck replaced Friedrich Carl as the squadron flagship in late March. Friedrich Carl in turn replaced Prinz Heinrich as the flagship of the deputy commander, Kommodore (Commodore) Raimund Winkler. She remained in this role until the new armored cruiser Roon took her place on 15 August. The autumn maneuvers of 1906 were conducted in Norwegian waters and the western Baltic. After the maneuvers, FK Franz von Hipper took command of the ship. Friedrich Carl resumed her role as the deputy commander flagship on 31 October when KzS Eugen Kalau vom Hofe came aboard the ship; she held the position until 5 March 1908. The year 1907 passed uneventfully for Friedrich Carl; she briefly served as the squadron flagship from 11 September to 28 October after Yorck suffered an accident. Friedrich Carl went on a major training cruise into the Atlantic Ocean in early 1908 and on her return to Wilhelmshaven was decommissioned on 5 March for lengthy repairs.[10]

On returning to service on 1 March 1909, KzS Friedrich Schultz assumed command of the ship, which was to be used as a torpedo test ship. In this role, she replaced the protected cruiser SMS Vineta; Schultz was also the commander of the Torpedo Testing Inspectorate. On 30 March, Friedrich Carl was assigned to the temporary Training and Testing Ship Unit for maneuvers off the island of Rügen in April. The unit was dissolved on 24 April, and from mid-August to early September, Friedrich Carl participated in the autumn maneuvers as part of the Reconnaissance Group of the Reserve Fleet. The years 1910 and 1911 followed a similar training routine to that of 1909, and Schultz had been replaced by KzS Ernst Ritter von Mann und Edler von Tiechler as the ship's captain in September 1909 and by KAdm Wilhelm von Lans as commander of the Torpedo Testing Inspectorate on 19 December 1909. Tiechler was in turn replaced by FK Andreas Michelsen in September 1911; he held the command until the outbreak of World War I in July 1914.[10]

In July 1911, Friedrich Carl conducted torpedo tests with the light cruiser

Großadmiral (Grand Admiral) Alfred von Tirpitz came aboard Friedrich Carl to observe the festivities,[11] which coincided with a visit from the British 2nd Battle Squadron.[12] During the visit, British ambassador Edward Goschen visited Tirpitz aboard the ship, when news of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand arrived. On 31 July, days after Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia but before Germany entered the war, Friedrich Carl went into drydock at the Kaiserliche Werft (Imperial Shipyard) in Kiel for repairs in preparation for the coming conflict.[13]

World War I

A large warship leaving a trail of thick, black smoke steams in line with three other vessels following in the distance.
SMS Friedrich Carl leading a line of ships in 1914.

On 28 August 1914, Friedrich Carl returned to service under the command of KzS

Danzig. Friedrich Carl took part in a sortie into the Gulf of Finland on 24 October to sweep for Russian warships and British submarines that were operating in the area, though the Germans failed to locate any hostile vessels.[14][15] By this time, the ship had been modified to carry seaplanes; she carried two planes provisionally and had no permanent modifications made to support them.[16] On 30 October another patrol was carried out, again without success.[17]

In early November, Friedrich Carl was withdrawn for repairs, which were completed by mid-month.[17] In the meantime, the German naval command, which was aware that British submarines were operating in the Baltic Sea, had ordered Behring to attack the Russian port at Libau to prevent it being used as a British submarine base.[15] Friedrich Carl was assigned to the attack force, and she left Memel on 16 November to bombard Russian positions around Libau. At 01:46 on 17 November, while 33 nautical miles (61 km; 38 mi) west of Memel, she struck a naval mine that had been laid by Russian destroyers in October. The ship's crew initially thought the shock of the explosion was from striking a submarine; Loesch immediately altered course to return to Memel, at which point she struck a second mine at 01:57. She began to take on water, though she remained afloat for some time. At 6:20, Augsburg arrived on the scene and evacuated the crew, and Friedrich Carl was abandoned to sink, which she did at 07:15. Seven or eight men died in the sinking.[18][19][20]

Notes

Footnotes

  1. ^ In Imperial German Navy gun nomenclature, "SK" (Schnelladekanone) denotes that the gun is quick loading, and the L/40 denotes the length of the gun. In this case, the L/40 gun is 40 calibers, meaning that the gun is 40 times as long as it is in bore diameter.[5]
  2. ^ German warships were ordered under provisional names. For new additions to the fleet, they were given a single letter; for those ships intended to replace older or lost vessels, they were ordered as "Ersatz (name of the ship to be replaced)".[3]

Citations

  1. ^ Campbell & Sieche, p. 142.
  2. ^ Herwig, p. 27.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Gröner, p. 50.
  4. ^ a b c Lyon, p. 255.
  5. ^ Grießmer, p. 177.
  6. ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 115–116.
  7. ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 116.
  8. ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 115–117.
  9. ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 117–118.
  10. ^ a b Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 115, 118.
  11. ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 118.
  12. ^ Burt, p. 186.
  13. ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 118–119.
  14. ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 115, 119.
  15. ^ a b Corbett, p. 286.
  16. ^ Greger, p. 87.
  17. ^ a b Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, p. 119.
  18. ^ Gröner, p. 51.
  19. ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz, pp. 119–120.
  20. ^ Halpern, p. 186.

References

Further reading
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMS_Friedrich_Carl&oldid=1217719599"