Sacrococcygeal teratoma
Sacrococcygeal teratoma | |
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Specialty | Oncology |
Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is a type of tumor known as a
The
Presentation
Complications
Maternal complications of pregnancy may include
Complications of the mass effect of a teratoma in general are addressed on the
Later complications of the mass effect and/or surgery may include
Late effects
Late effects are of two kinds: consequences of the tumor itself, and consequences of surgery and other treatments for the tumor.[citation needed]
Complications of not removing the coccyx may include both recurrence of the teratoma[7] and metastatic cancer.[7][8] Late malignancies usually involve incomplete excision of the coccyx and are adenocarcinoma.[citation needed]Although functional disability in survivors is common,[9] a small comparative study[10] found a nonsignificant difference between SCT survivors and a matched control group.
In rare cases, pelvic scarring may necessitate that a
Cause
SCT is seen in 1 in every 35,000 live births, and is the most common tumor
Sacrococcygeal teratomas are the most common type of
Historically, sacrococcygeal teratomas present in 2 clinical patterns related to the child's age, tumor location, and likelihood of tumor malignancy. With the advent of routine prenatal ultrasound examinations, a third clinical pattern is emerging.
- urinary bladderand other organs, but large fetal SCTs frequently produce maternal complications which necessitate non-routine, investigative ultrasounds.
- Neonatal tumors present at birth protruding from the sacral site and are usually mature or immature teratomas.
- Among infants and young children, the tumor presents as a palpable mass in the sacropelvic region compressing the bladder or rectum.[15] These pelvic tumors have a greater likelihood of being malignant. An early survey found that the rate of tumor malignancy was 48% for girls and 67% for boys older than 2 months at the time of sacrococcygeal tumor diagnosis, compared with a malignant tumor incidence of 7% for girls and 10% for boys younger than 2 months at the time of diagnosis. The pelvic site of the primary tumor has been reported to be an adverse prognostic factor, most likely caused by a higher rate of incomplete resection.
- In older children and adults, the tumor may be mistaken for a pilonidal sinus, or it may be found during a rectal exam or other evaluation.
Diagnosis
During
At
Some SCTs are discovered when a child begins to talk at about age 2 years and complains of their bottom hurting or feeling "poopy" when they ride in a car seat.
Other tumors can occur in the sacrococcygeal and/or presacral regions.
Smaller SCTs with an external component, seen in prenatal ultrasounds or at birth, often are mistaken for spina bifida.[citation needed] Cystic SCT and terminal myelocystocele are especially difficult to distinguish; for more accurate diagnosis, MRI has been recommended.[19]
Treatment
The preferred first treatment for SCT is complete surgical removal (i.e., complete resection). The preferred approach to a small SCT is through the perineum; a large SCT may require an additional approach through the abdomen. Resection should include the coccyx and may also include portions of the sacrum. The surgery should include reattachment of the small muscles and ligaments formerly attached to the coccyx, in effect reconstructing the posterior perineum. If not, there is an increased risk of perineal hernia later in life.
SCTs are classified morphologically according to their relative extent outside and inside the body:
- Altman type I — entirely outside, sometimes attached to the body only by a narrow stalk
- Altman type II — mostly outside
- Altman type III — mostly inside
- Altman type IV — entirely inside; this is also known as a presacral teratoma or retrorectal teratoma
The Altman type is significant in the contexts of management of labor and delivery, surgical approach, and complications of SCT. Serial ultrasound and MRI monitoring of SCTs in fetuses in utero has demonstrated that the Altman type can change over time. As the tumor grows, it can push between other organs and through the perineum to the body surface where the tumor appears as a bulge covered only by skin. Sometimes, the tumor bulge later slips back inside the perineum.
Like all
Management of fetal SCTs
Management of most fetal SCTs involves watchful waiting prior to any treatment. An often used decision tree is as follows:
- Perform detailed ultrasound exam including fetal Doppler flow analysis
- If fetal high output failure, placentomegaly, or hydrops
- If fetus not mature, perform fetal intervention
- Else fetus mature, perform emergency Cesarean section
- If fetus not mature, perform
- Else no emergent problems, perform serial non-stress tests and ultrasound biophysical profilesand plan delivery, as follows
- If emergent problems develop, return to top of decision tree
- Else if SCT over 5–10 cm or polyhydramnios, perform early (37 weeks gestation) elective Cesarean section
- Else SCT small and no complications, permit term spontaneous vaginal delivery
- If fetal
Emergent problems include maternal mirror syndrome, polyhydramnios, and preterm labor. Poor management decisions, including interventions that are either premature or delayed, can have dire consequences.[20][21] A very small retrospective study of 9 babies with SCTs greater than 10 cm diameter reported slightly higher survivorship in babies remaining in utero slightly longer.[22]
In many cases, a fetus with a small SCT (under 5 or 10 cm) may be delivered vaginally.[23][24][25][26] Prior to the advent of prenatal detection and hence scheduled C-section, 90% of babies diagnosed with SCT were born full term.[27]
Management of adult SCTs
SCTs are very rare in adults, and as a rule these tumors are benign and have extremely low potential for malignancy. This estimation of potential is based on the idea that because the tumor existed for decades prior to diagnosis, without becoming malignant, it has little or no potential to ever become malignant. For this reason, and because coccygectomy in adults has greater risks than in babies, some surgeons prefer not to remove the coccyx of adult survivors of SCT. There are case reports of good outcomes.[28]
See also
References
- ISBN 9780781790697.
- PMID 17465292.
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- ^ PMID 8252490. Synopsis: 45 survivors of infant SCT were followed up. Two reported recurrent benign teratoma and one reported metastatic adenocarcinoma originating from the residual coccyx. They were aged 21–43 at diagnosis.
- PMID 8323438. Synopsis: A 40 year old man has widely metastatic adenocarcinomaarising from the residual coccyx remaining after surgical removal of an apparently benign SCT at age 2 months.
- PMID 17560233.
- PMID 18405712.
- PMID 9410520.
- PMID 14088272.
- ^ (PDQ) Sacrococcygeal Tumors in Children
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