Carcinogenic bacteria
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Cancer bacteria are bacteria infectious organisms that are known or suspected to cause cancer.[1] While cancer-associated bacteria have long been considered to be opportunistic (i.e., infecting healthy tissues after cancer has already established itself), there is some evidence that bacteria may be directly carcinogenic. Evidence has shown that a specific stage in cancer can be associated with bacteria that is pathogenic.[2] The strongest evidence to date involves the bacterium H. pylori and its role in gastric cancer.[1]
Oncoviruses are viral agents that are similarly suspected of causing cancer.
Known to cause cancer
Chronic inflammation
Chronic inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of several types of malignant diseases, but it is particularly important for H. pylori.[9] Following a H. pylori infection many circulating immune cells are recruited to the infection site including neutrophils. [10] To destroy the pathogens neutrophils, produce substances with antimicrobial activities such as oxidants like reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS).[11] H. pylori can survive the induced oxidative stress by producing antioxidant enzymes such as e.g., catalase.[12] However, the overproduction of ROS and RNS induces various types of DNA damage in the infected gastric cells.[12]At the same time H. pylori is known to down-regulate major DNA repair pathways.[13] As a result, genomic and mitochondrial mutations accumulate, leading to genomic instability - a well-known Hallmark of Cancer [14] - in the gastric cells.[13]
CagA
The virulence factor
Speculative links
A number of bacteria have associations with cancer, although their possible role in carcinogenesis is unclear.
Bacteria | Suggested link |
---|---|
Salmonella Typhi, Paratiphi A, Typhimurium | is associated with gallbladder cancer.[21][22] |
Streptococcus bovis | is associated with colorectal cancer.[23][24] |
Chlamydia pneumoniae | is associated with lung cancer.[23][25] |
Mycoplasma | may also have a role in the formation of different types of cancer.[26][27] |
Helicobacter pylori | has been linked with certainty to stomach cancer [28] and may be related to MALT lymphoma, and has also been associated to oral cancer.[2] but may also protect certain individuals from esophageal cancer.[23] |
Porphyromonas gingivalis | is associated with esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer.[29] |
Fusobacterium nucleatum | is associated with esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer.[29] |
Escherichia coli | is associated with colorectal cancer.[29] |
Salmonella spp. | is associated with colorectal cancer.[29] |
Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis | is associated with colorectal cancer.[29] |
Chlamydia trachomatis in concert with HPV infection | is associated with cervical cancer.[29] |
Streptococcus anginosus | is associated with esophageal cancer.[30] |
Streptococcus mitis | is associated with esophageal cancer.[30] |
Ruminococcus | is associated with colorectal cancer when under aerobic conditions.[31] |
The relationship between cancer and bacteria may be complicated by different individuals reacting in different ways to different cancers.[23]
History
In 1890, the Scottish pathologist William Russell reported circumstantial evidence for the bacterial cause of cancer.[34] In 1926, Canadian physician Thomas Glover reported that he could consistently isolate a specific bacterium from the neoplastic tissues of animals and humans.[35] One review summarized Glover's report as follows:
The author reports the isolation of a pleomorphic organism from various types of cancer which can be grown in pure cultures in its several phases. He produced a serum from it which has given remarkable results in a series of 50 reported cases. This is very important, if true. We suppose the Cancer Society will give an opinion later on the reliability of the findings."[36]
Glover was asked to continue his work at the Public Health Service (later incorporated into the National Institutes of Health) completing his studies in 1929 and publishing his findings in 1930.[37] He asserted that a vaccine or anti-serum manufactured from his bacterium could be used to treat cancer patients with varying degrees of success.[37] According to historical accounts, scientists from the Public Health Service challenged Glover's claims and asked him to repeat his research to better establish quality control.[38] Glover refused and opted to continue his research independently; not seeking consensus, Glover's claims and results led to controversy and are today not given serious merit.[39]
In 1950, a Newark-based physician named
Other researchers and clinicians who worked with the theory that bacteria could cause cancer, especially from the 1930s to the 1960s, included Eleanor Alexander-Jackson,
See also
- List of oncogenic bacteria
- Infectious causes of cancer
- List of human diseases associated with infectious pathogens
- Oncovirus
References
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- ^ a b Glover TJ (1930). "The bacteriology of cancer". Canada Lancet and Practitioner. 74: 92–111.
- ^ Glover TJ, Engle JL (1938). Studies in Malignancy. New York: Murdock Foundation.
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- ^ Mazet G (June–August 1941). Etude bacteriolgigue sur la maladie d'Hodgkin. Montpellier Medicine.
- ^ Von Brehmer W. "Siphonosopra polymorpha n. sp.: ein neuer microorganismus des blutes, seine beziehung zur tumorgenese". Med Welt. 8: 1178–1185.
- ^ Crofton WM (1936). The True Nature of Viruses. London, England: Staples Press Ltd.
- ^ Villesquez EJ (1955). Le Parasitisme Latent des Cellules du Sang chez l' Homme, en Particulier dans le Sang des Cancreeux. Paris, France: Librarie Maloine.
- ^ Fonti CJ (1958). Eziopatogenese del Cancro. Milan, Italy: Amadeo Nicola.& c.