Salvia
Salvia | |
---|---|
Common sage (Salvia officinalis) | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Lamiales |
Family: | Lamiaceae |
Subfamily: | Nepetoideae |
Tribe: | Mentheae |
Genus: | Salvia L.[1] |
Type species | |
Salvia officinalis | |
Species | |
Synonyms[2] | |
List
|
Salvia (
The genus is distributed throughout the Old World and the Americas (over 900 total species), with three distinct regions of diversity: Central America and South America (approximately 600 species); Central Asia and the Mediterranean (250 species); Eastern Asia (90 species).[4]
Etymology
The name Salvia derives from Latin salvia (sage), from salvus (safe, secure, healthy), an adjective related to salūs (health, well-being, prosperity or salvation), and salvēre (to feel healthy, to heal).[7] Pliny the Elder was the first author known to describe a plant called "Salvia" by the Romans, likely describing the type species for the genus Salvia, Salvia officinalis.
The common modern English name sage derives from Middle English sawge, which was borrowed from Old French sauge, from Latin salvia (the source of the botanical name).[7][8][9] When used without modifiers, the name "sage" generally refers to Salvia officinalis ("common sage" or "culinary sage"), although it is used with modifiers to refer to any member of the genus.[7] The ornamental species are commonly referred to by their genus name Salvia.[7]
Description
Salvia species include annual,
The flowers are produced in
Many members of Salvia have
Staminal lever mechanism
The defining characteristic of the genus Salvia is the unusual
Taxonomy
History
Subdivision
Bentham eventually organized Salvia into twelve sections (originally fourteen), based on differences in corolla, calyx, and stamens. These were placed into four subgenera that were generally divided into Old World and New World species:
- Subgenus Salvia: Old World (Sections: Hymenosphace, Eusphace, Drymosphace)
- Subgenus Sclarea: Old World (Sections: Horminum, Aethiposis, Plethiosphace)
- Subgenus Calosphace: New World (Section: Calosphace)
- Subgenus Leonia: Old and New World (Sections: Echinosphace, Pycnosphace, Heterosphace, Notiosphace, Hemisphace)
His system is still the most widely studied classification of Salvia, even though more than 500 new species have been discovered since his work. Other botanists have since offered modified versions of Bentham's classification system, while botanists in the last hundred years generally do not endorse Bentham's system.[5]
It was long assumed that Salvia's unusual pollination and stamen structure had evolved only once, and that therefore Salvia was monophyletic, meaning that all members of the genus evolved from one ancestor. However, the immense diversity in staminal structure, vegetative habit, and floral morphology of the species within Salvia has opened the debate about its infrageneric classifications.
Phylogenetic analyses
Through DNA sequencing, Salvia was shown to not be monophyletic but to consist of three separate clades (Salvia clades I–III) each with different sister groups.[4] They also found that the staminal lever mechanism evolved at least two separate times, through convergent evolution.[4] Walker and Sytsma (2007)[16] clarified this parallel evolution in a later paper combining molecular and morphological data to prove three independent lineages of the Salvia lever mechanism, each corresponding to a clade within the genus. It is surprising to see how similar the staminal lever mechanism structures are between the three lineages, so Salvia proves to be an interesting but excellent example of convergent evolution.
Walker and Sytsma (2007) also addressed the question of whether Salvia is truly
The circumscription of individual species within Salvia has undergone constant revision. Many species are similar to each other, and many species have varieties that have been given different specific names. There have been as many as 2,000 named species and subspecies. Over time, the number has been reduced to less than a thousand. A modern and comprehensive study of Salvia species was done by Gabriel Alziar, in his Catalogue Synonymique des Salvia du Monde (1989) (World Catalog of Salvia Synonyms). He found that the number of distinct species and subspecies could be reduced to less than 700.[5][18]
Selected species and their uses
Many species are used as herbs, as ornamental plants (usually for flower interest), and sometimes for their ornamental and aromatic foliage. Some species, such as Salvia columbariae and Salvia hispanica, are also grown for their seeds. The Plant List has 986 accepted species names.[19] A selection of some well-known species is below.
- Salvia apiana: white sage; sacred to a number of Native American peoples, and used by some tribes in their ceremonies
- Salvia azurea: blue sage
- Salvia buchananii: Buchanan sage; woody-based stoloniferous perennial, deep pink flowers
- Salvia cacaliifolia: blue vine sage or Guatemalan sage; pure gentian-blue flowers
- Salvia candelabrum: candelabrum sage; woody-based perennial, violet flowers
- Salvia columbariae: wild chia; annual plant with seeds that are sometimes used like those of Salvia hispanica
- Salvia dianthera Roth: Bengal sage
- hallucinogenic effects; the legality of its use is under review in some US states[20]
- Salvia elegans: pineapple sage; widely grown as an ornamental shrub or sub-shrub, with pineapple scented leaves
- Salvia fruticosa: Greek sage; commonly grown and harvested as an alternative to common sage
- Salvia fulgens: Cardinal sage, Mexican scarlet sage; small evergreen sub-shrub, red flowers
- Salvia guaranitica: hummingbird sage, anise-scented sage; tall perennial, deep blue flowers
- α-linolenic acid(ALA).
- Salvia involucrata: roseleaf sage; woody-based perennial
- Salvia jurisicii: Ovche Pole sage; a rare, compact "feathery" perennial endemic to North Macedonia, violet flowers
- Salvia leucantha: Mexican bush sage, woolly sage; ornamental evergreen subshrub, white/pink flowers
- Salvia microphylla: baby sage: small ornamental shrub from Mexico, widely cultivated with many cultivars
- Danshen; Chinese medicinal herb
- Salvia nemorosa: woodland sage, Balkan clary; perennial with many ornamental varieties and cultivars
- herbal medicine
- Salvia patens: gentian sage; herbaceous perennial, blue flowers
- Salvia pratensis: clary: herbaceous perennial, violet flowers
- Salvia rosmarinus: rosemary; woody shrub, blue flowers
- Salvia sclarea: clary; grown as an ornamental and to some extent for perfume oils
- Salvia spathacea: California hummingbird sage, pitcher sage; ornamental, fruit-scented with rose pink flowers
- Salvia splendens: scarlet sage; popular tender ornamental bedding or pot plant.[21]
- Salvia uliginosa: bog sage; herbaceous perennial, blue flowers
Ecology
Herbivory
Salvia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species including the bucculatricid leaf-miner Bucculatrix taeniola which feeds exclusively on the genus and the Coleophora case-bearers C. aegyptiacae, C. salviella (both feed exclusively on Salvia aegyptiaca), C. ornatipennella and C. virgatella (both recorded on Salvia pratensis).
Hybrids
Many interspecific hybrids occur naturally, with a relatively high degree of crossability, but some such as Salvia officinalis × Salvia lavandulifolia and Salvia fruticosa × Salvia tomentosa have been intentional. A natural hybrid, Salvia longispicata × Salvia farinacea has given rise to a series of popular ornamentals such as Salvia 'Indigo Spires' and Salvia 'Mystic Spires Blue'.[22][23]
AGM cultivars
Numerous garden-worthy cultivars and varieties have been produced, often with mixed or unknown parentage. The following have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
- Salvia 'Amistad': bushy upright perennial, deep blue/purple flowers[24]
- Salvia 'Dyson's Joy': small, bushy perennial, bicolor red/pink flowers[25]
- Salvia 'Hot Lips': bushy evergreen, red/white flowers[26]
- Salvia 'Jezebel': bushy evergreen perennial, red flowers[27]
- Salvia 'Nachtvlinder': bushy evergreen perennial, purple flowers[28]
- Salvia 'Ribambelle': bushy perennial, salmon-pink flowers[29]
- Salvia 'Royal Bumble': evergreen shrub, red flowers[30]
- Salvia × jamensis 'Javier': bushy perennial, purple flowers[31]
- Salvia × jamensis 'Los Lirios': bushy shrub, pink flowers[32]
- Salvia × jamensis 'Peter Vidgeon': bushy perennial, pale pink flowers[33]
- Salvia × jamensis 'Raspberry Royale': evergreen subshrub, raspberry pink flowers[34]
- Salvia × superba 'Rubin': clump-forming perennial, pale pink flowers[35]
- Salvia × sylvestris 'Blauhügel': herbaceous perennial, violet-blue flowers[36]
- Salvia × sylvestris 'Mainacht': compact perennial, deep violet flowers[37]
- Salvia × sylvestris 'Tänzerin': perennial, purple flowers[38]
References
- ^ "Salvia L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2004-09-10. Retrieved 2009-12-15.
- ^ "Salvia L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2024-01-09.
- ^ "salvia". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
- ^ PMID 21653467.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-88192-671-2.
- ^ Clebsch & Barner 2003, p. 18.
- ^ a b c d "Salvia and sage". Online Etymology Dictionary. 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
- ^ Kintzios, pp. 15–16.
- ^ Clebsch, p. 17.
- ^ L. H. Bailey. Manual of Cultivated Plants.
- ^ .
- ^ Sprengel, C. K. 1793. Das entdeckte Geheimnis der Natur im Bau und in der Befruchtung der Pflanzen. Friedrich Vieweg dem aeltern, Berlin, Germany.
- S2CID 83554246.
- ^ Classen-Bockhoff R, Tweraser E, Wester P. 2003. The staminal lever mechanism in Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) – a review. Plant Biology 5: 33–41.
- .
- ^ PMID 16926227.
- doi:10.12705/661.7
- ^ Clebsch, p. 18.
- ^ The Plant List
- ^ Sack, Kevin; McDonald, Brent (2008-09-08). "Popularity of a Hallucinogen May Thwart Its Medical Uses". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
- ^ [1] Archived February 22, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Clebsch & Barner 2003.
- ^ Tychonievich & Warner 2011.
- ^ "Salvia 'Amistad'". Royal Horticultural Society. 2017. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
- ^ "Salvia 'Dyson's Joy'". Royal Horticultural Society. 2017. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
- ^ "Salvia 'Hot Lips'". Royal Horticultural Society. 2017. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
- ^ "Salvia 'Jezebel'". Royal Horticultural Society. 2017. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
- ^ "Salvia 'Nachtvlinder'". Royal Horticultural Society. 2017. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
- ^ "Salvia 'Ribambelle'". Royal Horticultural Society. 2017. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
- ^ "Salvia 'Royal Bumble'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
- ^ "Salvia × jamensis 'Javier'". Royal Horticultural Society. 2017. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
- ^ "Salvia × jamensis 'Los Lirios'". Royal Horticultural Society. 2017. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
- ^ "Salvia × jamensis 'Peter Vidgeon'". Royal Horticultural Society. 2017. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
- ^ "Salvia × jamensis 'Raspberry Royale'". Royal Horticultural Society. 2017. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
- ^ "Salvia × superba 'Rubin'". Royal Horticultural Society. 2017. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
- ^ "Salvia × sylvestris 'Blauhügel'". Royal Horticultural Society. 2017. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
- ^ "Salvia × sylvestris 'Mainacht'". Royal Horticultural Society. 2017. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
- ^ "Salvia × sylvestris 'Tänzerin'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
Bibliography
- Sage: The Genus Salvia by Spiridon E. Kintzios, CRC Press, 2000. ISBN 978-90-5823-005-8.
- The Gardener's Guide to Growing Salvias by John Sutton, Timber Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0-88192-474-9.
- Clebsch, Betsy; Barner, Carol D. (2003). The New Book of Salvias. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-560-9.
- Tychonievich, Joseph; Warner, Ryan M. (January 2011). "Interspecific Crossability of Selected Salvia Species and Potential Use for Crop Improvement". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 136 (1): 4147. . Retrieved 9 July 2015.