Salvia hispanica
Salvia hispanica | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Lamiales |
Family: | Lamiaceae |
Genus: | Salvia |
Species: | S. hispanica
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Binomial name | |
Salvia hispanica | |
Synonyms[1] | |
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Salvia hispanica, one of several related species commonly known as chia (/ˈtʃiːə/), is a species of flowering plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae, native to central and southern Mexico and Guatemala.[2] It is considered a pseudocereal, cultivated for its edible, hydrophilic chia seed, grown and commonly used as food in several countries of western South America, western Mexico, and the southwestern United States.[3]
Etymology
The word chia is derived from the Nahuatl word chian, meaning 'oily'.[1]
Other plants known as chia include Salvia columbariae,[3] which is sometimes called "golden chia",[citation needed] Salvia polystachya, and Salvia tiliifolia.
Description
Chia is an
Typically, the seeds are small ovals with a diameter around 1 mm (1⁄32 in). They are mottle-colored, with brown, gray, black, and white. The seeds are hydrophilic, absorbing up to 12 times their weight in liquid when soaked. While soaking, the seeds develop a
Chia is grown and consumed commercially in its native Mexico and Guatemala, as well as Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Nicaragua, northwestern Argentina, parts of Australia, and the southwestern United States.[3][6] New patented varieties of chia have been bred in Kentucky for cultivation in northern latitudes of the United States.[7]
Seeds
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
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Energy | 486 kcal (2,030 kJ) |
42.12 g | |
Dietary fiber | 34.4 g |
30.74 g | |
Saturated | 3.330 |
Trans | 0.140 g |
Monounsaturated | 2.309 |
Polyunsaturated | 23.665 17.830 g 5.835 g |
16.54 g | |
Niacin (B3) | 55% 8.83 mg |
Folate (B9) | 12% 49 μg |
Vitamin C | 2% 1.6 mg |
Vitamin E | 3% 0.5 mg |
Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
Calcium | 49% 631 mg |
Iron | 43% 7.72 mg |
Magnesium | 80% 335 mg |
Manganese | 118% 2.723 mg |
Phosphorus | 69% 860 mg |
Potassium | 14% 407 mg |
Sodium | 1% 16 mg |
Zinc | 42% 4.58 mg |
Other constituents | Quantity |
Water | 5.80 g |
Cholesterol | 0 mg |
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[8] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[9] |
Chia is grown commercially for its
Cultivation
Climate and growing cycle length
The length of the growing cycle for chia varies based on location and is influenced by
S. hispanica is a short-day flowering plant,
Seed yield and composition
Seed yield varies depending on cultivars, mode of cultivation, and growing conditions by geographic region. For example, commercial fields in Argentina and Colombia vary in yield range from 450 to 1,250 kilograms per hectare (400 to 1,120 lb/acre).[13][16] A small-scale study with three cultivars grown in the inter-Andean valleys of Ecuador produced yields up to 2,300 kg/ha (2,100 lb/acre), indicating that the favorable growing environment and cultivar interacted to produce the high yields.[11] Genotype has a larger effect on yield than on protein content, oil content, fatty acid composition, or phenolic compounds, whereas high temperature reduces oil content and degree of unsaturation, and raises protein content.[citation needed]
Soil, seedbed requirements, and sowing
The cultivation of S. hispanica requires light to medium clay or sandy soils.[17] The plant prefers well-drained, moderately fertile soils, but can cope with acid soils and moderate drought.[15][17] Sown chia seeds need moisture for seedling establishment, while the maturing chia plant does not tolerate wet soils during growth.[15]
Traditional cultivation techniques of S. hispanica include soil preparation by disruption and loosening followed by seed broadcasting.[18] In modern commercial production, a typical sowing rate of 6 kg/ha (5.4 lb/acre) and row spacing of 0.7–0.8 m (2 ft 3+1⁄2 in – 2 ft 7+1⁄2 in) are usually applied.[13]
Fertilization and irrigation
S. hispanica can be cultivated under low fertilizer input, using 100 kg/ha (89 lb/acre) nitrogen or in some cases, no fertilizer is used.[14][16]
Irrigation frequency in chia production fields may vary from none to eight irrigations per growing season, depending on climatic conditions and rainfall.[16]
Genetic diversity and breeding
The wide range of wild and cultivated varieties of S. hispanica are based on seed size,
Diseases and crop management
Currently, no major pests or diseases affect chia production.
Decorative and novelty uses
During the 1980s in the United States, the first substantial wave of chia seed sales was tied to
References
- ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 3 September 2014.
- ^ "Salvia hispanica". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
- ^ a b c d Immel, Diana L (29 January 2003). "Chia, Salvia columbariae Benth.; Plant Symbol = SACO6" (PDF). Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
- ^ Anderson, A. J. O. and Dibble, C. E. "An Ethnobiography of the Nahuatl", The Florentine Codex, (translation of the work by Fr. Bernardino de Sahagún), Books 10–11, from the Period 1558–1569
- ISBN 0-88192-246-3.
- ^ Dunn C (25 May 2015). "Is chia the next quinoa?". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
- ^ Cheryl Kaiser; Matt Ernst (February 2016). "Chia" (PDF). University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Center for Crop Diversification Crop Profile. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 28 March 2024.
- )
- ^ "Nutrition facts for dried chia seeds, one ounce". Conde Nast for the USDA National Nutrient Database, SR-21. 2010.
- ^ ISSN 0926-6690.
- ^ PMID 19491529.
- ^ S2CID 95974159.
- ^ S2CID 14751137.
- ^ a b c d e f Chia (PDF). Cooperative Extension Service. University of Kentucky – College of Agriculture. 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
- ^ .
- ^ S2CID 85052922.
- S2CID 85924063.
- ^ Cahill, J. P. and B. Ehdaie (2005). "Variation and heritability of seed mass in chia (Salvia hispanica L.)." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 52(2): 201-207. doi:10.1007/s10722-003-5122-9. Retrieved 2014-11-29
- ^ PMID 12011177.
- PMID 25243369.
- ^ Chia Pet | Arts & Culture | Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonianmag.com. Retrieved on 2014-04-26.