Science and technology in France
Science and technology in France has a long history dating back to the
Louis XIV in 1666, at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research. France's achievements in science and technology have been significant throughout the past centuries as France's economic growth and industrialisation process was slow and steady along the 18th and 19th centuries. Research and development efforts form an integral part of the country's economy
.
Scientific research in the country is supported by industry, by the network of
Grandes écoles
.
France ranked 11th in the 2023 Global Innovation Index, compared to 16th in 2019.[1][2][3]
Historical overview
The tradition of scientific research in France can be traced back to the Scientific Revolution. France is home to some of the world's oldest universities (Montpellier, Paris) although they were, at the time of their foundation, more centered on philosophy, theology and law than on science.
Institutions
French écoles normales supérieures
- École Normale Supérieure
- École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon
Scientific fields
Physics
Radioactivity was discovered by Henri Becquerel in 1896. The theoretical foundations and mathematical framework of special relativity were laid by Henri Poincaré, before Albert Einstein
used them in 1905 and later.
Chemistry
The conservation of mass law was discovered by Antoine Lavoisier[4] in 18th century France.
Mathematics
The
Pascaline) was made in 1642.[5] (see also Adding machine) Probability theory was developed by Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal in the seventeenth century (with Gerolamo Cardano and Christiaan Huygens).[6]
France is home to 11
École Normale Supérieure in France
.
Nuclear power
France carried out its
South Pacific Ocean test range in 1968; this first hydrogen bomb was dropped from a strategic bomber. France was the fourth de facto nuclear power after United States, Soviet Union and United Kingdom
.
Space science
In 1965, France was the third nation, after the former
USSR and the United States
, to launch its own space satellite. The French no longer launch their own satellites, however, preferring instead to contribute to the European Space Agency.
See also
Further reading
- Robert Gilpin. 1968. France in the Age of the Scientific State. Princeton University Press.
References
- . Retrieved 2023-10-17.
- ^ "Global Innovation Index 2019". wipo.int. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
- ^ "RTD - Item". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
- ISBN 0-7167-5011-2.
- ^ Jean Marguin (1994), p. 48
- ^ Grinstead, Charles Miller; James Laurie Snell. "Introduction". Introduction to Probability. pp. vii.
- ^ Blair, W. Granger (13 February 1960). "France Explodes Her First A-Bomb in a Sahara Test". New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved 5 November 2010.