Science and technology in Italy
Science and technology in Italy has a long presence, from the
History
Roman engineering
As early as the 1st century AD,
Renaissance science
Italy had a scientific "golden age" during the Renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci, was trained to be a painter, but his interests and achievements spread into an astonishing variety of fields that are now considered scientific specialties. He conceived ideas vastly ahead of his time. Notably, he invented concepts for the helicopter, an armed fighting vehicle, the use of concentrated solar power, the calculator, a rudimentary theory of plate tectonics, the double hull, and many others, using inspiration from Chinese ideas.[12] In addition, he greatly advanced the fields of knowledge in anatomy, astronomy, civil engineering, optics, and hydrodynamics.
The scientist Galileo Galilei is called the first modern scientist.[13] His work constitutes a significant break from that of Aristotle and medieval philosophers and scientists (who were then referred to as "natural philosophers"). Galileo's achievements include improvements to the telescope, various astronomical observations, and initial formulation of the first and second laws of motion. Galileo was suppressed by the Catholic Church, but was a founder of modern science.[14]
Early modern era
The astronomer
Accademia dei Lincei
The Accademia dei Lincei (Italian pronunciation: [akkaˈdɛːmja dei linˈtʃɛi]; literally the "Academy of the Lynx-Eyed", but anglicised as the Lincean Academy) is one of the oldest and most prestigious European scientific institutions,[19] located at the Palazzo Corsini on the Via della Lungara in Rome, Italy.
Founded in the Papal States in 1603 by Federico Cesi, the academy was named after the lynx, an animal whose sharp vision symbolizes the observational prowess that science requires. Galileo Galilei was the intellectual centre of the academy and adopted "Galileo Galilei Linceo" as his signature. "The Lincei did not long survive the death in 1630 of Cesi, its founder and patron",[20] and "disappeared in 1651".[21]
During the nineteenth century, it was revived, first in the Vatican and later in the nation of Italy. Thus the
Main universities
QS World University Rankings[23] | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | Institution | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016[24] | 2018 | 2019 |
1 | Polytechnic University of Milan (Politecnico di Milano) | 200+ | 200+ | 311 | 343 | 291 | 286 | 295 | 277 | 244 | 230 | 229 | 187 | 183 | 170 | 156 |
2 | University of Bologna (Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna) | 186 | 159 | 207 | 173 | 192 | 174 | 176 | 183 | 194 | 188 | 182 | 204 | 208 | 188 | 180 |
3 | Sapienza University of Rome (Sapienza – Università di Roma) | 162 | 125 | 197 | 183 | 205 | 205 | 190 | 210 | 216 | 196 | 202 | 213 | 223 | 215 | 217 |
4 | Polytechnic University of Turin (Politecnico di Torino) | - | - | - | 500+ | 500+ | 400+ | 450+ | 450+ | 400+ | 370 | 365 | 314 | 305 | 307 | 387 |
5 | University of Padua (Università degli Studi di Padova) | 200+ | 200+ | 370 | 312 | 296 | 312 | 261 | 263 | 298 | 267 | 262 | 309 | 338 | 296 | 249 |
6 | University of Milan (Università degli Studi di Milano) | - | - | - | - | 500+ | 500+ | 450+ | 275 | 256 | 235 | 238 | 306 | 370 | 325 | 325 |
7 | University of Pisa (Università di Pisa) | 200+ | 200+ | 326 | 325 | 333 | 322 | 300 | 322 | 314 | 259 | 245 | 367 | 431-440 | 421-430 | 422 |
9 | University of Florence (Università degli Studi di Firenze) | 200+ | 199 | 338 | 329 | 349 | 377 | 328 | 360 | 400+ | 379 | 352 | 411-420 | 451-460 | 461-470 | 501-510 |
10 | University of Rome Tor Vergata (Università degli Studi di Roma – Tor Vergata) | - | - | 423 | 416 | 400+ | 400+ | 400+ | 380 | 336 | 320 | 305 | 401-410 | 481-490 | 461-470 | 511-520 |
11 | University of Naples Federico II (Università degli Studi di Napoli – Federico II) | - | - | - | 420 | 398 | 400+ | 400+ | 400+ | 450+ | 397 | 345 | 441-450 | 481-490 | 481-490 | 472 |
Research
The National Research Council (Italian: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR) is the main Italian public research body. Supervised by the Ministry of university and Research,[25] has the task of carrying out, promoting, disseminating, transferring and enhancing scientific and technological research activities in the main sectors of knowledge development and their applications, promoting scientific progress, technological, economic and social.[26] According to the scientific journal Nature, in 2018 the CNR ranked 10th among the most innovative public research bodies in the world for the number of scientific articles published in about 80 journals monitored by the same journal.[27]
CINECA
CINECA is a non-profit consortium, made up of 69 Italian universities, 27 national public research centres, the Italian Ministry of Universities and Research (MUR) and the Italian Ministry of Education (MI), and was established in 1969 in Casalecchio di Reno, Bologna.
It is the most powerful supercomputing centre for scientific research in Italy,[35] as stated in the TOP500 list of the most powerful supercomputers in the world: Marconi100, is ranked at the 18th position of the list as of November 2021, with about 30 P/FLOPS.
The consortium's institutional mission is to support the Italian scientific community through
Today it merges the specificities and competences of the other two Italian high performance computing consortia, CILEA and Caspur: as a unique reference point for technology innovation in Italy, with its services Cineca supports the whole higher education and research system.
Cineca takes part in several research projects funded by the
Italian Space Agency
The Italian Space Agency (Italian: Agenzia Spaziale Italiana; ASI) is a government agency established in 1988 to fund, regulate and coordinate space exploration activities in Italy.[36][37] The agency cooperates with numerous national and international entities who are active in aerospace research and technology.[37]
Nationally, ASI is responsible for both drafting the National Aerospace Plan and ensuring it is carried out. To do this the agency operates as the owner/coordinator of a number of Italian space research agencies and assets such as CIRA as well as organising the calls and opportunities process for Italian industrial contractors on spaceflight projects. Internationally, the ASI provides Italy's delegation to the Council of the European Space Agency and to its subordinate bodies as well as representing the country's interests in foreign collaborations.
ASI's main headquarters are located in
The three
On 15 December 1964, the first Italian satellite was launched, the San Marco 1,[47] while on 31 July 1992, Franco Malerba, following the STS-46 space mission, was the first Italian to go into space.[48] On 23 November 2014 Samantha Cristoforetti, following the Expedition 42 mission, was the first Italian woman to go into space.[49]
Science museums
There are numerous
Other Italian science museums are the Museo Civico di Zoologia in Rome, the Civico Museo di Storia Naturale di Trieste, the Faraggiana Ferrandi Natural History Museum in Novara, the Federico Eusebio Civic Museum of Archaeology and Natural Sciences in Alba, the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria in Genoa and the Museo del fiore in Acquapendente.
Other museums are the
Technology parks
There are numerous
Other technology parks in the Northern Italy are the "NOI Techpark Südtirol-Alto Adige" technology park (Bolzano), the "Techno Innovation Park South Tyrol" (Bolzano), the "Trentino Sviluppo" technology park (Rovereto), the "ComoNExT - Innovation Hub" science and technology park (Lomazzo), the "Servitec" science and technology park (Dalmine), the Technological pole (Pavia), the Cremona Technological Pole (Cremona), the CSMT Innovative Contamination Hub (Brescia), the "Bioindustry Park Silvano Fumero" science and technology park (Colleretto Giacosa), the "Tecnogranda" science and technology park (Dronero), the Novara Development Foundation (Novara), the "Environment Park" technology park (Turin), the Science and technology park in the Scrivia Valley (Tortona), the "Galileo" Science and Technology Park (Padua), the "Star" science park (Verona), the Technological center (Pordenone), the "Luigi Danieli" Science and Technology Park (Udine), the "Great Campus" science and technology park (Genoa) and the Torricelli Park of Arts and Science Faventia (Ravenna).[51][52][53][54]
Other technology parks in the Central and the Southern Italy are the Magona Technological Pole Consortium (Cecina), the Technological and archaeological park of the Grosseto Metalliferous Hills in the province of Grosseto, the Lucca technology center (Lucca), the Technological Pole (Navacchio), the "3A-PTA" technology park (Todi), the "Hub21" scientific, technological and cultural center (Ascoli Piceno), the "Pa.L.Mer" technology park (Latina), the Roman scientific pole (Rome), the "Tecnopolo" technological hub (Rome), the Idis-City of Science Foundation (Naples), the TechNapoli" technology park (Pozzuoli), the Science and Technology Park (Salerno), the "Tecnopolis" science and technology park (Valenzano), the "CALPARK" science and technology park (Rende), the "Magna Graecia" scientific, the technological and multisectoral park (Crotone), the Science and technology park of Sicily (Catania) and the Technology park of Sardinia (Pula).[51][52][53][54]
Personality
-
Leonardo Fibonacci, referred to as "the most talented Western mathematician of the Middle Ages"[55]
-
Francesco Redi, the founder of experimental biology, is referred to as the father of modern parasitology.[56][57]
-
method of indivisibles.
-
electrical batteryand discover of methane, and did substantial work with electric currents.
-
Enrico Fermi, creator of the world's first nuclear reactor. He has been called the "architect of the nuclear age"[60] and the "architect of the atomic bomb".[61]
Through the centuries, Italy has fostered the scientific community that produced many major discoveries in physics and the other sciences. During the
Other astronomers such as
Other prominent physicists include
Inventions and discoveries
Italian inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques invented, innovated or discovered, partially or entirely, by Italians.
Italian people – living in the
Italians also contributed in theorizing
Nobel Prizes
Year | Winner | Branch | Contribution |
---|---|---|---|
1906 | Camillo Golgi | Medicine | "In recognition of his work on the structure of the nervous system".[107] |
1909 | Guglielmo Marconi | Physics | "In recognition of his contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy".[59][108][109] |
1938 | Enrico Fermi | Physics | "For his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons."[110] |
1957 | Daniel Bovet | Medicine | "For his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles."[111] |
1959 | Emilio Gino Segrè
|
Physics | "For his discovery of the anti-proton."[112] |
1963 | Giulio Natta | Chemistry | "For his discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers."[113] |
1969 | Salvatore Luria
|
Medicine | "For his discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses."[114] |
1975 | Renato Dulbecco | Medicine | "For his discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell."[115] |
1984 | Carlo Rubbia | Physics | "For his decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction."[116] |
1986 | Rita Levi-Montalcini | Medicine | "For her discoveries in growth factors."[117] |
2002 | Riccardo Giacconi | Physics | "For pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources."[118] |
2007 | Mario Capecchi | Medicine | "For his discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."[119] |
2021 | Giorgio Parisi | Physics | "For the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales."[120] |
See also
- Internet in Italy
- Telecommunications in Italy
- List of Italian inventions
- Roman technology
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Translation from source (not lit.) The oldest Italian document in which the term 'engineer' appears [dates back] [...] in Genoa, 19 April 1195 [...] The first printed engineering book is Italian [...]. [Comparable with] the French Jacques Besson and the Germans Georg Agricola and Zeising, are Agostino Ramelli, Bonaiuto Lorini, Fausto Veranzio, Mariano Zonca, Famiano Strada, Giovanni Branca. The Italian engineer is often called abroad as a consultant ...
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Introductory summary Fabbrica d'Armi Pietro Beretta, S.p.A., the oldest industrial firm and the oldest gunmaker in the world. From source Italy's importance in the history of art, government, politics, warfare, and sport is recognized worldwide. [...] the advancement of technology [is] no less significant. No area of the world [played] a greater role in the evolution of firearms than the ancient Italian valley region known as Val Trompia
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Further reading
- Cocco, Sean. Watching Vesuvius: A History of Science and Culture in Early Modern Italy (2012)
- Cocco, Sean. "Locating the Natural Sciences in Early Modern Naples," ch 20 in A Companion to Early Modern Naples (2013) pp: 453+.
- Galdabini, Silvana, and Giuseppe Giuliani. "Physics in Italy between 1900 and 1940: The universities, physicists, funds, and research." Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences (1988): 115–136. in JSTOR
- Miele, Aldo, ed. Gli Scienziati Italiani dall'Inizio del Medio Eno ai Nostri Giorni. Vol. 1, Part 1 (Nardecchia, 1921)
- JSTOR 2972288.
- Orlando, Lucia. "Physics in the 1930s: Jewish Physicists' Contribution to the Realization of the" New Tasks" of Physics in Italy." Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences (1998): 141-181. in JSTOR
- Pancaldi, Giuliano. "Vito volterra: Cosmopolitan ideals and nationality in the Italian scientific community between the belle époque and the first world war." Minerva (1993) 31#1 pp: 21–37.
- Schmitt, Charles B. Science in the Italian universities in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries (Macmillan, 1975)
- Turchetti, Simone. The Pontecorvo Affair: A Cold War Defection and Nuclear Physics (University of Chicago Press, 2012)
External links
- SCI-BYTES - WHAT'S NEW IN RESEARCH: 2008, Science in Italy, 2003–07. sciencewatch.com. Web. 29 Sep. 2011.