Shorea

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"Doona" redirects here. For the South Korean web series, see Doona! For the item of bedding, see Duvet.

Shorea
Temporal range: Early Eocene–present
Shorea roxburghii
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Dipterocarpaceae
Subfamily:
Dipterocarpoideae
Genus: Shorea
Roxb. ex C.F.Gaertn.
Synonyms
  • Anthoshorea
    Pierre
  • Caryolobis
    Gaertn.
  • Doona
    Thwaites
  • Isoptera
    Scheff. ex Burck
  • Pachychlamys
    Dyer ex Ridley
  • Parahopea
    F.Heim
  • Pentacme
    A.DC.
  • Richetia
    F.Heim
  • Saul
    Roxb. ex Wight & Arn.
Fruit of a Shorea species

Shorea is a

timber of trees of the genus is sold under the common names lauan, luan, lawaan, meranti, seraya, balau, bangkirai, and Philippine mahogany.[1]

Taxonomy

Shorea fossils (linked with the modern sal, S. robusta, which is still a dominant tree species in Indian forests) are known from as early as the Eocene of Gujarat, India. They are identifiable by the amber fossils formed by their dammar resin.[2] Other fossils include a Miocene-aged fossilized fruit from the same region; this fruit most closely resembles the extant S. macroptera of the Malay Peninsula.[3]

Description

Shorea spp. are native to

angiosperm is a 100.8 m (331 ft) Shorea faguetiana found in the Danum Valley Conservation Area, in Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo). And in the Tawau Hills National Park, in Sabah on the island of Borneo at least five other species of the genus have been measured to be over 80 m tall: S. argentifolia, S. gibbosa, S. johorensis, S. smithiana, and S. superba.[4] Borneo is also the hotspot of Shorea diversity with 138 species, of which 91 are endemic to the island.[5]

Sections and selected species

Main article: List of Shorea species
Anthoshorea
Brachypterae
Doona
Mutica
Neohopea
Ovalis
Pachycarpae
Pentacme
Richetioides
Rubella
Shorea
Not placed

Reproductive biology

The majority of Shorea spp. are general flowering species, which is an event that occurs at irregular intervals of 3–10 yr, in which nearly all dipterocarp species together with species of other families bloom heavily.

El Niño.[9] The magnitude of a flowering event is suggested to be dependent on the timing of the droughts associated with the El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) cycle, with the largest events occurring after an interval of several years with no flowering.[9]

Shorea spp. are

insect pollinated. A variety of insects have been identified as pollinators, with species within the sections of Shorea sharing the same insect pollinators. Flowering within a section is sequential within one habitat and species association to prevent competition for pollinators.[10]

Seed predation and mortality have an impact on the reproduction process of dipterocarps such as Shorea. In Singapore, crab-eating macaque and moth larvae are known seed predators.[11]

Uses

Many economically important

timber trees belong to Shorea. They are sold under various trade names including "lauan", "lawaan", "meranti", "seraya", "balau", "bangkirai", and "Philippine mahogany". (For a list of species associated with each name, see the article on Dipterocarp timber classification.) The "Philippine mahogany" sold in North America is not a true mahogany
at all, but a mixture of woods from the genus Shorea.

Other products from Shorea spp. include

dammar and illipe. Dammar is a resin collected from a variety of species. It varies in colour among the different taxonomic groups. Shorea wiesneri is listed in many websites as an important source of dammar;[12] however, this appears to be either a trade name or a synonym.[13][14]

Borneo tallow nut oil is extracted from the egg-shaped, winged fruit of Shorea species.[15]

Conservation status

Of the 148 species of Shorea currently listed on the

Shorea species page
gives threat classifications.

Conservation status of Shorea spp.
IUCN red list category Number of species
Extinct
 1
Critically endangered
 102
Endangered
 34
Vulnerable 3
Least concern
 6
Data deficient 2
Not evaluated ~48

See also

References

  1. ^ Lauan - The Wood Database
  2. S2CID 249536528
    .
  3. ISSN 0973-774X
    .
  4. ^ "Borneo". Eastern Native Tree Society. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
  5. ^
    ISBN 983-2181-59-3
  6. ^
    PMID 10523283
    .
  7. hdl:2027.42/116363
    .
  8. doi:10.1658/1100-9233(2005)016[0635:RODDLI]2.0.CO;2
    .
  9. ^
    PMID 21642179
    .
  10. JSTOR 2388308
    .
  11. S2CID 89849984
    .
  12. ^ "Dammar". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
  13. ^ "Dipterocarpaceae Data Base—Taxonomic Information". Royal Botanical Gardens, Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 2007-05-20. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
  14. ^ "Electronic Plant Information Centre". Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
  15. ^ "Minor oil crops - Individual monographs (Balanites-Borneo tallow nut-Brazil nut-Caryocar spp)". www.fao.org. FAO. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  16. ^ "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Shorea search results". IUCN. 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2013.

External links

  • Data related to Shorea at Wikispecies
  • Media related to Shorea at Wikimedia Commons
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