Sidestream smoke

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Picture of sidestream smoke
Sidestream smoke in enclosed box

Sidestream smoke is

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
.

Contents

Like mainstream smoke, sidestream tobacco smoke is made up of many components including

methyl ethyl ketone, nitric oxide, phenol, styrene, toluene, and butane. Exposure to sidestream smoke yields higher concentrations of these compounds as well as increased concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin, nicotine, and cotinine in the blood. When comparing sidestream and mainstream condensate, sidestream has 2–6 times more condensate per gram than mainstream smoke.[4][5][6]
Due to the incomplete combustion process responsible for the creation of sidestream smoke, there may be exposure to higher concentrations of carcinogens than are typically inhaled directly.

Risks

There are over 250 toxins and carcinogens in cigarette smoke. The risks of developing

respiratory diseases increase with the inhalation of sidestream smoke.[7] Additionally, the chance of developing breast cancer and cervical cancer
also increases with the inhalation of sidestream smoke.

Evidence has shown that sidestream smoke may be more harmful, per gram, than mainstream smoke.[8] However, sidesmoke is inhaled in far lesser amounts than mainstream smoke in people who smoke tobacco.

The relative risk of cardiovascular disease is 1.2–1.3 with exposure to sidestream smoke due to the cyanide present in the smoke. There is also evidence that sidestream smoke causes negative effects in children, both behaviorally and cognitively. One study found that higher levels of cotinine in children were correlated with a decreased ability to perform in reading and math.[4][9]

Factors such as age, gender and different occupations put a person at risk for

4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) is an integral component in tobacco smoke, as well as a risk factor for bladder cancer. Sidestream smoke puts individuals at an increased risk of bladder cancer because the 4-ABP concentrations are over ten times that of mainstream smoke.[10][11]

Social effects

A non-smoker who is inhaling sidestream or second-hand smoke has a 30% greater risk of getting lung cancer at some point in their lives.[12] Exposure to second hand or sidestream smoke has been associated with people who have not smoked before.

The US

Environmental Protection Agency estimates sidestream smoke causes approximately 3,000 lung cancer deaths and 62,000 deaths from heart disease in non-smokers every year in the United States.[13]

Children

A child's exposure to contaminants in the air can have detrimental health effects including heightened risk of respiratory tract infections, increased likelihood of childhood

wheezing, and mucus production. Studies on rats have shown that those who were exposed to sidestream smoke while in utero and following the period directly after, had differences in airway sensitivity in comparison to those that had been exposed to sidestream smoke only while in utero or only following the period after.[14][15][16]

Test tubes

A reduction in

tumours.[17][18]

Toxicological experiments

During the 1980s the

Philip Morris Tobacco Company carried out research on sidestream smoke at the Institut für Biologische Forschung, although this was not voluntarily published. This study found that sidestream smoke is nearly four times more toxic than mainstream smoke per metric gramme. They also found that sidestream condensate was nearly three times more toxic than mainstream smoke as well as 2–6 times more tumourigenic per gram than mainstream condensate when applied to the skin of a mouse; results also showed that sidestream smoke hinders an animal's ability to reach a weight that is considered normal. The research team concluded that the only way to protect oneself from sidestream smoke was to be in smoke-free public places and workspaces.[8]

References

  1. ISBN 92-832-1283-5
    . During smoking of cigarettes, cigars, pipes and other tobacco productions, in addition to the mainstream smoke drawn and inhaled by the smokers, a stream of smoke is released between puffs into the air from the burning cone. Once released, this stream (also known as the sidestream smoke) is mixed with exhaled mainstream smoke as well as the air in an indoor environment to form the secondhand smoke to which ...
  2. ^ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (June 1991). "Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the Workplace". Current Intelligence Bulletin. 54.
  3. ^ IARC 2004, p. 1410 "This evidence is sufficient to conclude that involuntary smoking is a cause of lung cancer in never-smokers."
  4. ^
    S2CID 25382242
    .
  5. ^
    PMID 20833972
    .
  6. ^ a b "Environmental tobacco smoke." Children's Environmental Health Centers, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/ncerqa/childrenscenters/smoke.html.
  7. ISBN 0-596-50002-5
    .
  8. ^
    PMID 16319363
    .
  9. ^ "2 Relevance to Public Health §2.1 Background and environmental exposures to cyanide in the United States" (PDF). Toxicological Profile for Cyanide. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. p. 2–8 of PDF.
  10. PMID 19336562
    .
  11. ^ "Health consequences of tobacco use among women." Women and Smoking. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pg. 1-8.
  12. ISBN 978-0-944235-69-0
    .
  13. ^ Smith, Jimmie H. (2004). "Environmental Tobacco Smoke: An Analysis of State and Local Policies To Reduce Exposure". U916087.
  14. PMID 17963272
    .
  15. ^ "Health consequences of tobacco use among women." Women and Smoking. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pg 74-75.
  16. PMID 18558034
    .
  17. S2CID 19297771
    .
  18. ^ Cyanide, p. 4 (in PDF)

External links

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