Smoking in Indonesia
This article needs to be updated.(September 2022) |
There are approximately 57 million smokers in Indonesia, among a population of 273 million people.[1][2] Around 63% of men and 5% of women report smoking, equating to 34% of the population.[3] The majority, 88% of Indonesian smokers, use clove-flavoured kreteks.[3] Kretek manufacturers directly employ over 180,000 people in Indonesia and an additional 10 million indirectly.[4] Indonesia is the fifth largest tobacco market in the world, and in 2008 over 165 billion cigarettes were sold in the country.[3]
Major tobacco companies dominating the market in Indonesia according to the year of establishment include:
- HM Sampoerna (Philip Morris International, 1913).
- Bentoel International Investama (British American Tobacco, 1930).
- Nojorono Tobacco International (1932).
- Djarum (1951).
- Gudang Garam (1958).
- Wismilak Inti Makmur (1962).
- Tri Sakti Purwosari Makmur (Korea Tobacco & Ginseng Corporation, 1974).
- Indonesian Tobacco (1980).[5]
The
Kretek cigarettes
Kretek is credited as an invention by Nitisemito of Kudus, an industrial town in
The inventor popularized his brand of cigarettes through a concerted media campaign, even establishing his own radio station for the purpose.[
Kretek is very popular in rural areas as this type of cigarette is cheap. Kretek is known to burn slowly, and also self-extinguish.[10] Evidence seems to suggest oral lesions may be less common than with other cigarette types. Due to this effect, cigarette smoking has largely replaced betel chewing.[11]
The term "Kretek" is
Kretek cigarettes contain high concentration of
While cigarette smoking is declining throughout the world, in Indonesia, the industry continues to thrive. Indonesia has one of the highest smoking rates in the world and is currently one of the biggest producers of tobacco worldwide,[14] with Malaysia and the United States being two of their important markets.[15] There are hundreds of tobacco companies in the country, with Gudang Garam, Djarum, Sampoerna, Bentoel and Wismilak dominating the Indonesian market share.[12]
Kretek was initially a habit of the lower classes of society. However, it has now become very popular among the "middle class and intelligentsia, to the extent that it has become very de rigueur and a mark of Indonesian-ness."[9]
Harmful effects and regulations
Tobacco smoking in Indonesia is said to claim 300,000 lives every year.
So much so, that even a two-year-old child picked up the habit of smoking two packs of cigarettes a day in his fishing village, where every one smokes. It was reported that the child's grandfather initiated his son into this habit at the age of 18 months. However, press reports indicate that the child has been placed in rehabilitation by keeping him in a different environment under the care of a psychologist, and as a result the child has given up smoking.[17] The government of Indonesia is now contemplating introducing regulations that would ban the advertising of cigarettes, smoking in public places and selling cigarettes to children.[6]
Main issues
Cigarette advertisements
Unlike the rest of the world, cigarette advertising are still allowed in Indonesia,[18] and as of 2021, Indonesia is the only country in the world to allow cigarette advertising.[19] However, it is prohibited to show cigarettes and advertising must include smoking warning messages. In Indonesia itself, such advertisements known under the name iklan rokok in Indonesian. In 2003, cigarette advertising and promotions in Indonesia was valued at $250 million.[20] In addition to television and outdoor advertisements, sporting events sponsored by cigarette brands or companies also occur.[21]
Child smoking
According to an official spokesman of the Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI) and evolve regulations to prevent children getting addicted to smoking, "The future of 80 million Indonesian children is at stake as the cigarette producers were intentionally aiming children as their future market through massive TV advertisements and sponsorships on activities in which teenagers involved the most."[6]
More than 30% of Indonesian children reportedly smoke a cigarette before the age of 10.[22] In 2010, a two-year-old boy from Sumatra, Ardi Rizal, made global headlines for having a 40-a-day cigarette habit.[22][23]
In 2003,
Bans
In Jakarta's restaurants, hotels, office buildings, airports and public transport, and overall public areas smoking is not permitted. Restaurants wanting to allow smoking must provide a separate smoking space, as of 4 February 2006.[25] Building separate facilities for smokers had only taken place in half of establishments by June 2007.[26]
Smoke-free regulations were extended to Bali in November 2011, affecting tourist sites, including restaurants and hotels; plus schools, government buildings, places of worship and other public places.[27] A ban on sale and advertising tobacco in schools was also enacted, although this would not stop tobacco companies offering sponsorship to schools.[28] However, regulations were not strong enough, leading to a new stricter promulgation for June 2012.
Smoking in trains of state company PT Kereta Api Indonesia has been banned as of 1 March 2012.[29]
Bali has banned smoking to be effective 1 June 2012, also having heavy fines. Hotels, restaurants, tourist attractions, places of worship, healthcare facilities and schools are to be smoke-free areas. Smoking and
Gallery
-
A row of A Mild advertisements (lower right) near Samarinda Central Plaza, Samarinda, East Kalimantan
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Street view in Singaraja, Bali, with a Djarum Super Compact Size advertisement in the far right, captured in 2005
-
Warning seen in current advertisements, used since late 2018
References
- ^ "Tobacco Economics in Indonesia" (PDF). International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 10, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
- ^ "World Bank Open Data". World Bank Open Data. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
- ^ a b c d "Indonesia". Tobacco Free Center. Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ Hanusz, Mark Smoke; A Century of Kretek pp. 140–143
- ^ "Country Report: Tobacco in Indonesia". Euro Monitor. August 2011.
- ^ a b c "Indonesia struggling to deter children from smoking". People’s Daily Online. 2010-08-30. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
- ^ ISBN 1-85828-991-2. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
- ^ Leo Suryadinata. Prominent Indonesian Chinese: Biographical Sketches. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1995.
- ^ ISBN 1-900949-51-2. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
- ISBN 0-19-562961-2. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
- ISBN 0-86078-522-X. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
- ^ PMID 10465825.
- S2CID 207035108.
- ^ Danubrata, Eveline; Beo Da Costa, Agustinus (30 March 2017). "Exclusive: Indonesia eyes decree on tobacco after bill runs into opposition". Reuters. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-907065-05-7. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
- ^ Endah Hapsari (May 30, 2012). "'Pembunuh Sadis' Ini Menewaskan 300 Ribu Orang Tiap Tahun" (in Indonesian). Republika Online. Retrieved 2013-08-10.
- ^ "Indonesia's smoking toddler kicks the habit". The Associated Press. September 3, 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-09-06. Retrieved 2010-09-06 – via Yahoo! News.
- ^ "Indonesia". Tobacco Control Laws. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
- ^ Vania Rossa; Dini Afrianti Efendi (November 10, 2021). "Jelang HKN 2021, Indonesia Jadi Satu-Satunya Negara di Dunia yang Izinkan Iklan Rokok". Suara.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved November 12, 2021.
- ^ Tony Sitathan (July 11, 2003). "Indonesia: Smoke, Smoke, Smoke that Cigarette". Asian Times. Archived from the original on August 2, 2003. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Gloria Setyvani Putri (September 9, 2019). "Menurut WHO, Djarum Memang Tidak Boleh Sponsori Event Olahraga". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved December 25, 2020.
- ^ a b "Toddler Who Smoked 40 a Day Kicks Habit". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on September 5, 2010. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- Sydney Morning Herald, June 17, 2017
- ^ "Indonesia: Smoke, smoke, smoke that cigarette". Asian Times. July 11, 2003. Archived from the original on August 2, 2003. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "A smoking ban fires up Jakarta – International Herald Tribune". International Herald Tribune. 29 March 2009. Archived from the original on 12 March 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
- ^ "Buildings in hot seat over smoking ban". Tobacco.org. 27 June 2007. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
- ^ "A Holiday Without Cigarettes: Smoking Ban To Hit Bali". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
- ^ Roberts, George (30 November 2011). "Cigarette ads banned in Bali schools – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
- ^ "Smoking in trains to be banned | BaliHolidayInfo.com the Best of Bali". Archived from the original on 18 April 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Calling all smokers in Bali: The end is nigh | CNN Travel". Cnngo.com. 29 November 2011. Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
External links
- Tobaccoland, a Vicedocumentary on the total lack of tobacco regulations in Indonesia.