Sixty-Four Villages East of the River
Sixty-Four Villages East of the River | ||
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Hanyu Pinyin Jiāngdōng Liùshísì Tún | |
or
Зазейский район
50°06′N 127°41′E / 50.100°N 127.683°E The Sixty-Four Villages East of the River were a group of
Among Russian historians, the district occupied by the villages is sometimes referred as Zazeysky rayon (the "Trans-Zeya District" or "The district beyond the Zeya"), because it was separated by the Zeya from the regional capital, Blagoveshchensk.[3]
History
In the summer of 1857, the Russian Empire offered monetary compensation to China's Qing dynasty government if they would remove the native inhabitants from the area; however, their offer was rebuffed.[4] The following year, in the 1858 Treaty of Aigun, the Qing ceded the north bank of the Amur to Russia.[2] However, Qing subjects residing north of the Amur River were permitted to "retain their domiciles in perpetuity under the authority of the Manchu government".[1]
The earliest known Russian estimate (1859) gives the population of Qing subjects in the "Trans-Zeya District" as 3,000, without breakdown by ethnicity; the next one (1870) gives it as 10,646, including 5,400
During the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, Qing forces attempted to blockade Russian boat traffic on the Amur near Aigun, starting from 16 July, and attacked Blagoveshchensk along with Chinese Honghuzi bandits.[10] In response to these attacks the military governor of the Amur region, Lieutenant-General Konstantin Nikolaevich Gribskii, ordered the expulsion of all Qing subjects who remained north of the river.[1] This included the residents of the villages, and Chinese traders and workers who lived in Blagoveshchensk proper, where they numbered anywhere between one-sixth and one-half of the local population of 30,000.[1][2] They were taken by the local police and driven into the river to be drowned. Those who could swim were shot by the Russian forces. Thousands died as a result.[1][11]
The massacre angered the Chinese, and had ramifications for the future: the Chinese Honghuzi fought a guerrilla war against Russian occupation and assisted the Japanese in the
Ongoing dispute
The
See also
- "Amur gawa no ryuketsu ya", a Japanese dormitory song based on Amur River Incident
- 1900 Amur anti-Chinese pogroms
- Outer Manchuria
References
Citations
- ^ a b c d e Paine 1996, pp. 213–214
- ^ a b c d e Yan 2005
- ^ Timofeyev 2003b
- ^ Paine 1996, p. 68
- ^ a b c Timofeyev 2003b, Table 11
- ^ Timofeyev 2003b, Tables 2 and 3; the 1898 number, however, is about 50% higher than in other years
- ^ Timofeyev 2003b, Table 4
- ^ The Amur Oblast of the Russian Empire did not have the same borders as today's Amur Oblast, but it included the same core area near the confluence of the Amur and the Zeya. See this map for a comparison.
- ^ Timofeyev 2003a
- ISBN 963-7326-14-6. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
The political component of Chinese banditism emerged only in the year 1900. For the first time, Khunkhuzy attacked the Russian city of Blagoveshchensk. It ended in the drowning of about 3,000 Chinese near Blagoveshchensk (called Hailanbao in Chinese). When during the Boxer Uprising Boxers and khunkhuzy assaulted Russian positions nearby, Cossacks stationed there decided to drive the Chinese from the Russian bank of the river back onto the Chinese bank. People were simply pushed into the river, and many of them drowned. Vladimir Lenin criticized the Russian tsarist government for its brutality.
- ^ a b c Maxwell 2007, p. 56
- ^ Louis Livingston Seaman (1904). From Tokio through Manchuria with the Japanese. PRINTED AT THE APPLETON PRESS, NEW YORK, U.S.A.: S. Appleton. p. 170. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
ant, in his relation to the Russians in this conflict with Japan has not forgotten the terrible treatment accorded him since the Muscovite occupation of Manchuria. He still remembers the massacre at Blagovestchensk when nearly 8,000 unarmed men, women, and children were driven at the point of the bayonet into the raging Amur, until—as one of the Russian officers who participated in that brutal murder told me at Chin-Wang-Tao in 1900—" the execution of my orders made me almost sick, for it seemed as though I could have walked across the river on the bodies of the floating dead." Not a Chinaman escaped, except forty who were employed by a leading foreign merchant who ransomed their lives at a thousand rubles each. These, and many even worse, atrocities are remembered and now is their moment for revenge. So it was easy for Japan to enlist the sympathy of these men, especially when emphasized by liberal pay, as is now the case. It is believed that more than 10,000 of these bandits, divided into companies of from 200 to 300 each and led by Japanese officers, are now in the pay of Japan.
LONDON SIDNEY APPLETON COPYRIGHT, 1904, BY D. APPLETON AND COMPANY Original from the University of California Digitized Nov 21, 2007 - ^ E.g., on a 1947 ROC map
Sources
- Maxwell, Neville (June 2007), "How the Sino-Russian Boundary Conflict Was Finally Settled: From Nerchinsk 1689 to Vladivostok 2005 via Zhenbao Island 1969" (PDF), in Iwashita, Akihiro (ed.), Eager Eyes Fixed on Eurasia, 21st Century COE Program Slavic Eurasian Studies, Sapporo: Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University, pp. 47–72, retrieved 2009-02-24
- Paine, S. C. M. (1996), Imperial Rivals: China, Russia, and Their Disputed Frontier, M. E. Sharpe, ISBN 978-1-56324-724-8
- Yan, Jiaqi (February 2005), "中俄邊界問題的十個事實──回應俄羅斯駐中國大使館公使銜參贊岡察洛夫等人文章 (Ten facts about the Sino-Russian border problem: In reply to the essays of Russian Minister-Counselor to China Sergey Goncharov and other people)", Twenty-First Century, 35, Chinese University of Hong Kong, retrieved 2009-02-24
- Timofeyev, Oleg Anatolyevich (2003a), Russian-Chinese relations in the Amur region, mid-19th - early 20th centuries. Part 1 [Тимофеев Олег Анатольевич. Российско-китайские отношения в Приамурье (сер. XIX – нач. XX вв.). Часть 2] (in Russian), Blagoveshchensk, ISBN 5-8331-0051-8)
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Further reading
- Yang, Chuang; Gao, Fei; Feng (September 2006), "海兰泡和江东六十四屯惨案 (The Tragic Case of Blagoveshchensk/Hailanpao and the Sixty-Four Villages East of the River)", 百年中俄关系 (A Century of China-Russia Relations), Beijing: World Affairs Press, ISBN 7-5012-2876-0
External links
- A map of Aihun Ting from a 1911 Heilongjiang atlas. This is the district centered on Aihunon the Chinese side of the river, but also including (according to the cartographer) the "Sixty-Four Villages" on the Russian side. (in Chinese)
- “The Blagoveshchensk Utopia”: Historical Memory and Historical Responsibility by Viktor Innokentievich Dyatlov
- The Blagoveshchensk massacre of July 1900- A. Vereshchagin's account