False Dmitry I: Difference between revisions
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==Death== |
==Death== |
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On the morning of 17 May 1606, ten days after Dmitry's marriage to Marina, huge numbers of boyars and commoners stormed the [[Kremlin]]. Dmitry tried to flee by jumping out a window, but fractured his leg in the fall. He fled to a [[public baths|bathhouse]] and tried to disappear within. But he was recognized and dragged out by the boyars, who killed him lest he successfully appeal to the crowd.<ref>"Massa's Account of Events Surrounding the Death of the False Dmitrii in 1606." ''Medieval Russia: A Source Book, 850-1700''. Ed. Basil Dmytryshyn. 3rd ed. Harcourt College, 9. 550. Print. Page 361-362</ref> His body was displayed then cremated, with the ashes allegedly shot from a cannon towards Poland.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} According to Palitsyn, Dmitry's death set off a massacre of his supporters. He boasted in his chronicle that "a great amount of heretical blood was spilled on the streets of Moscow."<ref>Zenkovsky (1974), page 386. |
On the morning of 17 May 1606, ten days after Dmitry's marriage to Marina, huge numbers of boyars and commoners stormed the [[Kremlin]]. Dmitry tried to flee by jumping out a window, but fractured his leg in the fall. He fled to a [[public baths|bathhouse]] and tried to disappear within. But he was recognized and dragged out by the boyars, who killed him lest he successfully appeal to the crowd.<ref>"Massa's Account of Events Surrounding the Death of the False Dmitrii in 1606." ''Medieval Russia: A Source Book, 850-1700''. Ed. Basil Dmytryshyn. 3rd ed. Harcourt College, 9. 550. Print. Page 361-362</ref> His body was displayed then cremated, with the ashes allegedly shot from a cannon towards Poland.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} According to Palitsyn, Dmitry's death set off a massacre of his supporters. He boasted in his chronicle that "a great amount of heretical blood was spilled on the streets of Moscow."<ref>Zenkovsky (1974), page 386.</ref> |
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Dmitry's reign had lasted only eleven months before Prince Shuisky took his place. Two further impostors later appeared, [[False Dmitry II]] and [[False Dmitry III]], the first of whom was publicly "accepted" by Tsarina Marina as her fallen husband. |
Dmitry's reign had lasted only eleven months before Prince Shuisky took his place. Two further impostors later appeared, [[False Dmitry II]] and [[False Dmitry III]], the first of whom was publicly "accepted" by Tsarina Marina as her fallen husband. |
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Revision as of 18:43, 16 June 2022
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| False Dmitry I | |
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False Dmitry I (Russian: Лжедмитрий I,
He was the first, and most successful, of three
With the support of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, False Dmitry invaded the Russian Empire in 1605, but the war ended with the sudden death of Boris Godunov. Disaffected Russian
Background
Dmitry entered history circa 1600, after making a positive impression on
Rumors said that Dmitry was an
Whether or not Dmitry's tale was accurate, the Wiśniowiecki brothers, Samuel Tyszkiewicz, Jan Sapieha, Roman Różyński, and several other Polish noblemen agreed to back him, and his claim, against Boris Godunov.
In March 1604, Dmitry visited the court of
While at court, Dmitry met
]Russian throne
Boris Godunov received word of Dmitry's Polish support, and spread claims than the younger man was simply a runaway monk called Grigory Otrepyev (born Yuri Otrepyev; Grigory was the name given to him at the monastery). On what information this claim was based is uncertain. But the tsar's public support began to wane, especially as Dmitry's loyalists spread counter-rumors. Several Russian boyars also pledged themselves to Dmitry, thereby giving themselves a "legitimate" reason to not pay taxes to Tsar Boris.
Dmitry, having gained the full support of the Polish Commonwealth, formed a small army of approximately 3,500 soldiers from various private forces, and with these men advanced on Russia in March 1605. Boris's many enemies, including the southern
, but they badly lost the second battle. Their cause was only saved by the news of the sudden death of Boris Godunov on 13 April 1605.The death of the unpopular tsar swept away the last impediment to Dmitry; the victorious Russian troops defected to his side, and others, swelled the Polish ranks as they marched in. On 1 June, the disaffected boyars of Moscow staged a palace coup and imprisoned the newly crowned tsar Feodor II and his mother Maria Skuratova-Belskaya, widow of Boris Godunov.
On 20 June, Dmitry made his triumphal entry into Moscow, and on 21 July, was crowned tsar by a new Muscovite Patriarch of his own choosing, the Greek Ignatius of Moscow.
Reign
The new tsar moved to consolidate his power by visiting the tomb of Tsar Ivan, and the convent of his widow
Dmitry planned to introduce a series of political and economic reforms. He restored
In foreign policy, Dmitry sought an alliance with his sponsor, the Polish Commonwealth, and with the
On 8 May 1606, Dmitry married Marina Mniszech in Moscow; she was Catholic. When a Russian Tsar married a woman of another faith, the usual practice was that she would convert to
The resentful Prince
Shuisky's adherents had spread word that Tsar Dmitry was about to order his Polish retainers to lock the city gates and massacre the people of Moscow. Whether such orders existed or not, Palitsyn's chronicle reported them as undeniable fact.[5]
Death
On the morning of 17 May 1606, ten days after Dmitry's marriage to Marina, huge numbers of boyars and commoners stormed the
Dmitry's reign had lasted only eleven months before Prince Shuisky took his place. Two further impostors later appeared, False Dmitry II and False Dmitry III, the first of whom was publicly "accepted" by Tsarina Marina as her fallen husband.
Portrayals in literature
- False Dmitry is one of the primary characters in Henri IV in Dmitri. Like him he is brave, generous and boastful, like him indifferent to religion -- both abjure their faith for a political cause, both love pleasures and war, both devote themselves to chimerical projects, both are victims of conspiracies... But Henri IV didn't have a Ksenya [Xenia] on his conscience -- it is true that this horrible accusation hasn't been proved and, as for me, I make a point of not believing it."[8] Pushkin intended to write further plays about the reigns of Dmitry and Vasili, as well as the subsequent Time of Troubles. Pushkin was prevented from fulfilling these plans by his death in a duelat the age of 37.
- Although based on Pushkin's play, holy foolNikolai, who appears in Pushkin's play only to rebuke Tsar Boris for murdering the real Dmitry. In Mussorgsky's opera, the holy fool proclaims, "Weep, weep Orthodox soul", and predicts that "the enemy will come" leading to "darkness blacker than night."
- False Dmitry's story was also told by .
- Rainer Maria Rilke recounts the overthrow of False Dimitry in The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge, Rilke's only longer prose work.
- Harold Lamb fictionalizes the demise of False Dimitry in "The Wolf Master", in which the claimant survives his assassination through trickery, and flees east, pursued by a Cossack he had betrayed.
- Features in the second story of The Ninth Doctor Adventures: Back to Earth (Volume 2.1), a boxset of Doctor Who audio dramas from Big Finish Productions.
See also
- Ivan Bolotnikov
- Isaac Massa
- Polish–Muscovite War (1605–18)
- Tsars of Russia family tree
References
- ^ Other romanizations include the common Dmitri and Dmitry, as well as Dmitrii, Dimitri, Dimitrii, Dimitriy, and Dimitry.
- ISBN 0-271-02074-1. Retrieved October 16, 2010.
- ^ Treadgold, Donald W.The West in Russia and China, Religious and Secular Thought in Modern Times, Vol1: Russia, 1472-1917,Cambridge University Press, 1973, p49
- Serge Zenkovsky, Medieval Russia's Epics, Chronicles, and Tales, Revised and Enlarged Edition, Meridian Books, 1974. Pages 383-385.
- ^ Zenkovsky (1974), page 385.
- ^ "Massa's Account of Events Surrounding the Death of the False Dmitrii in 1606." Medieval Russia: A Source Book, 850-1700. Ed. Basil Dmytryshyn. 3rd ed. Harcourt College, 9. 550. Print. Page 361-362
- ^ Zenkovsky (1974), page 386.
- ^ The Critical Prose of Alexander Pushkin, edited and translated by Carl R. Proffer. University of Indiana Press, 1969. Pages 97-98.
External links
- Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). pp. 983–984.
- The Reporte of a bloudie and terrible Massacre in the Citty of Mosco, with the fearefull and tragicall end of Demetrius the last Duke, before him raigning at this present. (1607) London.
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