Pornography addiction: Difference between revisions
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In 2014, American actor [[Terry Crews]] talked about his long-standing pornography addiction, which he said had seriously affected his marriage and life and which he was able to overcome only after entering rehab in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2014/05/17/311911030/no-one-wants-to-be-with-the-marlboro-man-terry-crews-on-manhood|title=No One Wants To Be With The Marlboro Man: Terry Crews On 'Manhood'|date=May 17, 2014|website=NPR.org|access-date=October 10, 2018|archive-date=February 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227225424/https://www.npr.org/2014/05/17/311911030/no-one-wants-to-be-with-the-marlboro-man-terry-crews-on-manhood|url-status=live}}</ref> He now takes an active role in speaking out about pornography addiction and its impact.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blackamericaweb.com/2014/05/27/crews-control-terry-crews-new-book-details-his-struggle-with-porn-addiction/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528184748/http://blackamericaweb.com/2014/05/27/crews-control-terry-crews-new-book-details-his-struggle-with-porn-addiction/|title=Terry Crews' New Book Details Struggle With Porn Addiction - Black America Web|date=May 27, 2014|archive-date=May 28, 2014|website=Black America Web}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/terry-crews-porn-addiction-ruined-life/story?id=37186200|title=Terry Crews Says Porn Addiction Nearly Ruined His Life|author=ABC News|website=ABC News|date=2016-02-25|access-date=2020-06-28|archive-date=2018-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707201700/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/terry-crews-porn-addiction-ruined-life/story?id=37186200|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/24/entertainment/terry-crews-porn-addition-feat/|title=Terry Crews: Porn addiction 'messed up my life'|author=Brandon Griggs|date=February 24, 2016|website=CNN|access-date=October 10, 2018|archive-date=August 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810014901/https://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/24/entertainment/terry-crews-porn-addition-feat/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
In 2014, American actor [[Terry Crews]] talked about his long-standing pornography addiction, which he said had seriously affected his marriage and life and which he was able to overcome only after entering rehab in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2014/05/17/311911030/no-one-wants-to-be-with-the-marlboro-man-terry-crews-on-manhood|title=No One Wants To Be With The Marlboro Man: Terry Crews On 'Manhood'|date=May 17, 2014|website=NPR.org|access-date=October 10, 2018|archive-date=February 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227225424/https://www.npr.org/2014/05/17/311911030/no-one-wants-to-be-with-the-marlboro-man-terry-crews-on-manhood|url-status=live}}</ref> He now takes an active role in speaking out about pornography addiction and its impact.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blackamericaweb.com/2014/05/27/crews-control-terry-crews-new-book-details-his-struggle-with-porn-addiction/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528184748/http://blackamericaweb.com/2014/05/27/crews-control-terry-crews-new-book-details-his-struggle-with-porn-addiction/|title=Terry Crews' New Book Details Struggle With Porn Addiction - Black America Web|date=May 27, 2014|archive-date=May 28, 2014|website=Black America Web}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/terry-crews-porn-addiction-ruined-life/story?id=37186200|title=Terry Crews Says Porn Addiction Nearly Ruined His Life|author=ABC News|website=ABC News|date=2016-02-25|access-date=2020-06-28|archive-date=2018-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707201700/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/terry-crews-porn-addiction-ruined-life/story?id=37186200|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/24/entertainment/terry-crews-porn-addition-feat/|title=Terry Crews: Porn addiction 'messed up my life'|author=Brandon Griggs|date=February 24, 2016|website=CNN|access-date=October 10, 2018|archive-date=August 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810014901/https://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/24/entertainment/terry-crews-porn-addition-feat/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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In 2015, English comedian [[Russell Brand]] appeared in videos by American anti-pornography group [[Fight the New Drug]], in which he discussed pornography and its harmful effects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/mar/3/russell-brands-anti-porn-video-draws-kudos/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5kvzamjQW9MYouTube|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010094829/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5kvzamjQW9M |url-status=dead |title=- YouTube|archive-date=October 10, 2018|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Later that year, American actress [[Rashida Jones]] produced the documentary ''[[Hot Girls Wanted]]'', which gave an in-depth look into the exploitation of women in the pornography industry.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://news.yahoo.com/rashida-jones-talks-amateur-porn-industry-documentary-with-katie-couric-203552949.html| title=Rashida Jones exposes amateur porn industry with 'Hot Girls Wanted'| website=[[Yahoo News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4382552/| title=Hot Girls Wanted| website=[[IMDb]]| access-date=2018-10-18| archive-date=2020-03-11| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311160320/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4382552/| url-status=live}}</ref> |
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In 2016, American comedian [[Chris Rock]] and his wife Malaak Compton divorced after 20 years of marriage,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.people.com/article/chris-rock-divorce|first=Michele|last=Corriston|title=Chris Rock & Wife Malaak Compton-Rock Split|work=People|date=December 28, 2014|access-date=December 28, 2014|archive-date=September 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919024220/https://people.com/article/chris-rock-divorce|url-status=live}}</ref> which Rock attributed to his infidelity and pornography addiction.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/chris-rock-malaak-compton-divorce-20-years-article-1.2762085|first=Nicole|last=Bitette|title=Chris Rock, Malaak Compton finalize divorce after 20 years of marriage|work=New York Daily News|date=August 23, 2016|access-date=November 13, 2016|archive-date=June 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623113000/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/chris-rock-malaak-compton-divorce-20-years-article-1.2762085|url-status=live}}</ref> He later discussed the details of his pornography addiction in his 2018 stand-up comedy special ''[[Chris Rock: Tamborine|Tamborine]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiewire.com/2018/02/chris-rock-porn-addiction-cheating-marriage-netflix-1201928637/|title=Chris Rock Gets Brutally Honest About Porn Addiction and Cheating on His Wife: 'I Wasn't a Good Husband'|website=Indiewire.com|author=Sharf, Zach|date=February 14, 2018|access-date=February 14, 2018|archive-date=June 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623141035/http://www.indiewire.com/2018/02/chris-rock-porn-addiction-cheating-marriage-netflix-1201928637/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
In 2016, American comedian [[Chris Rock]] and his wife Malaak Compton divorced after 20 years of marriage,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.people.com/article/chris-rock-divorce|first=Michele|last=Corriston|title=Chris Rock & Wife Malaak Compton-Rock Split|work=People|date=December 28, 2014|access-date=December 28, 2014|archive-date=September 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919024220/https://people.com/article/chris-rock-divorce|url-status=live}}</ref> which Rock attributed to his infidelity and pornography addiction.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/chris-rock-malaak-compton-divorce-20-years-article-1.2762085|first=Nicole|last=Bitette|title=Chris Rock, Malaak Compton finalize divorce after 20 years of marriage|work=New York Daily News|date=August 23, 2016|access-date=November 13, 2016|archive-date=June 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623113000/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/chris-rock-malaak-compton-divorce-20-years-article-1.2762085|url-status=live}}</ref> He later discussed the details of his pornography addiction in his 2018 stand-up comedy special ''[[Chris Rock: Tamborine|Tamborine]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiewire.com/2018/02/chris-rock-porn-addiction-cheating-marriage-netflix-1201928637/|title=Chris Rock Gets Brutally Honest About Porn Addiction and Cheating on His Wife: 'I Wasn't a Good Husband'|website=Indiewire.com|author=Sharf, Zach|date=February 14, 2018|access-date=February 14, 2018|archive-date=June 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623141035/http://www.indiewire.com/2018/02/chris-rock-porn-addiction-cheating-marriage-netflix-1201928637/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
Revision as of 13:13, 7 January 2024
Pornography addiction is the scientifically controversial application of an addiction model to the use of pornography. Pornography may be part of compulsive sexual behavior with negative consequences to one's physical, mental, social, or financial well-being. While the World Health Organization's ICD-11 (2022) has recognized compulsive sexual behaviour disorder (CSBD) as an "impulsive control disorder",[1] CSBD is not an addiction,[2][3][4][5][6][7] and the American Psychiatric Association's DSM-5 (2013) and the DSM-5-TR (2022) do not classify compulsive pornography consumption as a mental disorder or a behavioral addiction.[2]
Problematic Internet pornography viewing is viewing of Internet pornography that is problematic for an individual due to personal or social reasons, including the excessive time spent viewing pornography instead of interacting with others and the facilitation of procrastination. Individuals may report depression, social isolation, career loss, decreased productivity, or financial consequences as a result of their excessive Internet pornography viewing impeding their social life.[8]
Symptoms and diagnosis
Universally accepted
Pornography use has also been associated to many issues with Sexual Satisfaction, Marital Quality, and Gender Violence. These are detailed in Opposition to Pornography.
A proposed diagnosis for
According to the
Despite the fact that pornography is being highly spuriously
Diagnostic status
The status of pornography addiction as an addictive disorder, rather than simply a
It is worth considering whether the apparent epidemic of self-diagnosed pornography addicts seeking help today perhaps represents the ready uptake of a relatively new way to describe one's problematic behaviour, and not the development of a modern disease entity whose description should dictate its treatment.[8]
— Kris Taylor, Nosology and metaphor: How pornography viewers make sense of pornography addiction
In November 2016, the American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors and Therapists (AASECT) issued a position statement on sex/porn addiction which states that AASECT "does not find sufficient empirical evidence to support the classification of sex addiction or porn addiction as a mental health disorder, and does not find the sexual addiction training and treatment methods and educational pedagogies to be adequately informed by accurate human sexuality knowledge. Therefore, it is the position of AASECT that linking problems related to sexual urges, thoughts or behaviors to a porn/sexual addiction process cannot be advanced by AASECT as a standard of practice for sexuality education delivery, counseling or therapy."
The
Porn addiction is not a diagnosis in DSM-5 (or any previous version).[23][24][25] "Viewing pornography online" is mentioned verbatim in the DSM-5,[22] but it is not considered a mental disorder either.[23][24][25]
When the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) was being drafted, experts considered a proposed diagnostic addiction called hypersexual disorder, which also included a pornography subtype. But in the end, reviewers determined that there wasn't enough evidence to include hypersexual disorder or its subtypes in the 2013 edition.[23]
— Kirsten Weir, Is pornography addictive?
A number of studies have found neurological markers of addiction in internet porn users,[26][27][28] which is consistent with a large body of research finding similar markers in other kinds of problematic internet users.[27] Yet other studies found that critical biomarkers of addiction were missing,[29] and most addiction biomarkers have never been demonstrated for pornography.[30][failed verification]
The International Classification of Disorders 11 (ICD-11) rejected "pornography addiction". Specifically, the World Health Organization (WHO) wrote: "Based on the limited current data, it would therefore seem premature to include [Internet use] in ICD-11."[31]
However, ICD-11 does include the "Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder" (CSBD)[32] in the "impulse control disorders" section. It is defined as "a persistent pattern of failure to control intense, repetitive sexual impulses or urges resulting in repetitive sexual behaviour." David J. Ley argued that that is not an endorsement of the concept of pornography addiction.[33] ICD also specifically excludes anyone from this diagnosis whose distress is due to moral conflict alone, yet moral incongruence is the strongest predictor of believing one is addicted to porn.[34] Note that two studies now contradict this, finding that narcissism,[35] especially antagonist narcissism,[36] predicts identification as a pornography addict.
Introductory psychology textbook authors Coon, Mitterer and Martini, passingly mentioning NoFap, speak of pornography as a "supernormal stimulus" but use the model of compulsion rather than addiction.[37] Addiction and compulsion are models of mental disorders which cancel each other out,[38][39][40] the term "addiction" being deprecated,[41] but ICD-11 does not support the existence of "porn addiction"/"sex addiction".[3][4][33]
DSM-5-TR, published in March 2022, does not recognize a diagnosis of sexual addiction/compulsion (which would include internet pornography viewing).[2][42][43]
ICD-11 has added pornography to CSBD.[44] However, this is categorized as an impulse control disorder, not an addictive disorder.[44][3][4] It has been argued that the CSBD diagnosis is not based upon sex research.[45]
Neither DSM-5, nor DSM-5-TR, nor ICD-10, nor ICD-11 recognize sex addiction or porn addiction as a valid diagnosis.[2][3][4][46]
Treatment
Online pornography
Some clinicians and support organizations recommend voluntary use of Internet
Medications
Studies of those with non-paraphilic expressions of hypersexuality have hypothesized that various mood disorders, as defined in the DSM, may occur more frequently in sexually compulsive men.[51][52][53]
Compulsive sexual behavior has been treated with antidepressants including SSRIs and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, Naltrexone (a medication used to inhibit reward mechanisms in opiate or alcohol addictions), other mood-stabilizers, and anti-androgens.
Epidemiology
There is only one representative sample (published in 2017) to date concerning distress about sex video use.[54] They found that of 10,131 women surveyed, 0.5% of women agreed with the statement that they were "addicted" to pornography; 1.2% (of 4,218 who viewed) when limited to women who say they viewed sex films. The comparable figure limiting to men who view sex films was 4.4%. This was without any clinical screening that should eliminate primary disorders (e.g., depression) or religious-based concerns, so these should be considered high-end estimates for potential disorders, if any exist.
Most studies of rates use a
Society and culture
Support groups
Several support groups exist for people who wish to quit pornography use and/or believe themselves to be addicted to pornography. Twelve-step programs such as Sex Addicts Anonymous (SAA), Sexaholics Anonymous (SA), Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous (SLAA), Sexual Recovery Anonymous (SRA), and Sexual Compulsives Anonymous (SCA) are fellowships of men and women who share their experience, strength and hope with each other so they may overcome their common problem and help others recover from addiction or dependency by using the twelve-step program borrowed from Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and other recovery tools.[58]
Fight the New Drug, a Salt Lake City-based non-profit organization founded by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,[65] is a non-legislative organization which claims to seek to inform and educate individuals regarding pornography usage with science and personal stories. It is aimed at the youth demographic. There is also a PornFree reddit group which focuses on giving up porn rather than masturbation.[66][67]
Celebrate Recovery is a Christian inter-denominational twelve-step program with about 35,000 available groups and is open to any person who is struggling with life's bad habits, hurts, and hang-ups.[68] Celebrate Recovery was started in 1991 at Saddleback Church in California, and their program is based on the Beatitudes from the biblical Sermon on the Plain and the twelve-step program from Alcoholics Anonymous.[69]
Religious factors
According to professor
According to Addicted to Lust: Pornography in the Lives of Conservative Protestants (2019) written by Samuel L. Perry, professor of
Perry's book received widespread
The overwhelming majority of all websites and YouTube channels devoted to anti-masturbation and anti-porn addiction propaganda, channels and websites supporting NoFap included, are, according to various sources, owned by
The American Psychiatric Association had by then already dismissed such moral panic ("political stunt")[18] in DSM-5 (published in 2013),[23] and DSM-5-TR, published in March 2022, does not recognize a diagnosis of sexual addiction (which would include internet pornography viewing).[42][43]
Emily F. Rothman, Professor of Community Health Sciences at the Boston University School of Public Health, stated in 2021 that "the professional public health community is not behind the recent push to declare pornography a public health crisis".[17] The ideas supporting the "crisis" have been described as pseudoscientific.[84]
Mainstream media
In 2013, American actor Joseph Gordon-Levitt wrote, directed, and starred in the comedy-drama film Don Jon, in which the protagonist is addicted to pornography.[85] In an interview to promote the film, Gordon-Levitt discussed what he referred to as the "fundamental difference between a human being and an image on a screen".[86]
In 2014, American actor Terry Crews talked about his long-standing pornography addiction, which he said had seriously affected his marriage and life and which he was able to overcome only after entering rehab in 2009.[87] He now takes an active role in speaking out about pornography addiction and its impact.[88][89][90]
In 2015, English comedian Russell Brand appeared in videos by American anti-pornography group Fight the New Drug, in which he discussed pornography and its harmful effects.[91][92] Later that year, American actress Rashida Jones produced the documentary Hot Girls Wanted, which gave an in-depth look into the exploitation of women in the pornography industry.[93][94]
In 2016, American comedian Chris Rock and his wife Malaak Compton divorced after 20 years of marriage,[95] which Rock attributed to his infidelity and pornography addiction.[96] He later discussed the details of his pornography addiction in his 2018 stand-up comedy special Tamborine.[97]
See also
- Accountability software
- Anti-pornography movement
- Content-control software
- National Center on Sexual Exploitation
- Rational Recovery
- Sexaholics Anonymous
- Sex Addicts Anonymous
- Sexual ethics
- Sexual addiction
References
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- ^ ISBN 978-1-000-84578-5. Archivedfrom the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
'Sex addiction' is also referred to as a diagnosis or presenting problem. Sex addiction is not a diagnosis in the DSM-5-TR and identified as Compulsive Sexual Behavior in the ICD-11 rather than an issue of addiction.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-031-04772-5. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
Given that we do not yet have definitive information on whether the processes involved in the onset and maintenance of the disorder are equivalent to substance abuse disorders, gambling, and gaming (Kraus et al. 2016), CSBD is not included in the grouping of disorders due to substance and addictive behaviors, but rather in that of impulse control disorders (Kraus et al. 2018).
- ^ ISBN 978-0-310-09311-4. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
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... materials in ICD-11 make very clear that CSBD is not intended to be interchangeable with sex addiction, but rather is a substantially different diagnostic framework
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AASECT 1) does not find sufficient empirical evidence to support the classification of sex addiction or porn addiction as a mental health disorder, and 2) does not find the sexual addiction training and treatment methods and educational pedagogies to be adequately informed by accurate human sexuality knowledge.
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- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-007549-1. Archivedfrom the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
The professional public health community is not behind the recent push to declare pornography a public health crisis.
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In addition to the substance-related disorders, this chapter also includes gambling disorder, reflecting evidence that gambling behaviors activate reward systems similar to those activated by drugs of abuse and produce some behavioral symptoms that appear comparable to those produced by the substance use disorders. Other excessive behavioral patterns, such as Internet gaming, have also been described, but the research on these and other behavioral syndromes is less clear. Thus, groups of repetitive behaviors, which some term behavioral addictions, with such subcategories as "sex addiction," "exercise addiction," or "shopping addiction," are not included because at this time there is insufficient peer-reviewed evidence to establish the diagnostic criteria and course descriptions needed to identify these behaviors as mental disorders. ... Excessive use of the Internet not involving playing of online games (e.g., excessive use of social media, such as Facebook; viewing pornography online) is not considered analogous to Internet gaming disorder, and future research on other excessive uses of the Internet would need to follow similar guidelines as suggested herein. Excessive gambling online may qualify for a separate diagnosis of gambling disorder.
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Excessive use of the Internet not involving playing of online games (e.g., excessive use of social media, such as Facebook; viewing pornography online) is not considered analogous to Internet gaming disorder, and future research on other excessive uses of the Internet would need to follow similar guidelines as suggested herein. Excessive gambling online may qualify for a separate diagnosis of gambling disorder.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-89042-576-3. Archivedfrom the original on 2023-04-19. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
In addition to the substance-related disorders, this chapter also includes gambling disorder, reflecting evidence that gambling behaviors activate reward systems similar to those activated by drugs of abuse and that produce some behavioral symptoms that appear comparable to those produced by the substance use disorders. Other excessive behavioral patterns, such as Internet gaming (see "Conditions for Further Study"), have also been described, but the research on these and other behavioral syndromes is less clear. Thus, groups of repetitive behaviors, sometimes termed behavioral addictions (with subcategories such as "sex addiction," "exercise addiction," and "shopping addiction"), are not included because there is insufficient peer-reviewed evidence to establish the diagnostic criteria and course descriptions needed to identify these behaviors as mental disorders.
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Further reading
- Klein, M. (2017). His Porn, Her Pain: Confronting America's Porn Panic With Honest Talk About Sex (ISBN 1440842868) Praeger
- Cooper, Al (2002). Sex and the Internet: A Guidebook for Clinicians (ISBN 1-58391-355-6) Routledge
- P. Williamson, S. Kisser (1989). Answers In the Heart: Daily Meditations for Men and Women Recovering from Sex Addiction (ISBN 978-0-89486-568-8) Hazelden
- Patrick Carnes (2001). Out of the Shadows: Understanding Sexual Addiction (ISBN 978-1-56838-621-8) Hazelden
- Sex Addicts Anonymous (ISBN 0-9768313-1-7)
- Rosenberg, Matthew (1999). “Understanding, Assessing, and Treating Sexual Offenders: Tools for the Therapist, downloadable version on stopoffending.com
- "Science of Arousal and Relationships". Archived from the original on 2019-04-14.
External links
- Pornography addiction at Medical News Today