Church attendance

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Many Christians attend church services on Christmas Eve, the Christian vigil that celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ.[1]
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Church attendance is a central religious practice for many

state Church) at least twice a year.[6]

In addition to being based upon the spirit of the

Saint John Climacus, who declared that "A sure sign of the deadening of the soul is the avoidance of church services."[10]

About two-thirds of

Lutheran Churches and a Principal Feast in the Anglican Communion), LifeWay Research found that "six out of 10 Americans typically attend church".[16] Countries that hold or have held a policy of state atheism have actively discouraged church attendance and church membership, often persecuting Christians who continued to worship.[17]

Theology

Further information:
first-day Sabbatarianism
Depiction of early Christian worship in the Catacomb of Callixtus

The holding of church services pertains to the observance of the

Eusebius of Caesarea thus declared: "For it is surely no small sign of God’s power that throughout the whole world in the churches of God at the morning rising of the sun and at the evening hours, hymns, praises, and truly divine delights are offered to God. God’s delights are indeed the hymns sent up everywhere on earth in his Church at the times of morning and evening."[18] The early Christians attended two liturgies on the Lord's Day, worshipping communally in both a morning service and evening service, with the purpose of reading the Scriptures and celebrating the Eucharist.[19] Throughout the rest of the week, Christians assembled at the church every day for morning prayer (which became known as lauds) and evening prayer (which became known as vespers), while praying at the other fixed prayer times privately; Christian monastics came to gather together to corporately pray all of the seven canonical hours communally.[20][21][22]

In addition to being based upon the spirit of the

acts of mercy (such as evangelism, visiting prisoners in jails and seeing the sick at hospitals), and attending the Sunday evening service of worship, as well as refraining from Sunday shopping, servile work, playing sports, viewing the television, and dining at restaurants.[23][18][24]

The majority of Christian denominations hold church services on the Lord's Day (with many offering Sunday morning and Sunday evening services); a number of traditions have mid-week Wednesday evening services as well.

canonical hours are prayed, as well as the offering of the Mass, among other forms of worship.[26] In addition to this, many Christians attend services of worship on holy days such as Christmas, Ash Wednesday, Good Friday, Ascension Thursday, among others depending on the Christian denomination.[27]

Statistics

Roman Catholic Good Friday service.[28]

The

Dutch citizens.[32] In the U.K., in 2011, an average once-a-week attendance in Anglican churches went down by 0.3% compared with 2012, thus exhibiting a stabilizing trend.[33] Previously, starting from 2000, an average rate of weekly church attendance in Britain was dropping down 1% annually. In 2013, the Pew Research Center reported that 37% of all Americans attended church on a weekly basis.[34] In its turn, Gallup estimated the once-a-week church attendance of the Americans in 2013 as 39%.[35]

Based on 1990–1991 data, it was estimated that the country with the highest rate of church attendance in the world was

Marxist-Leninist ideology, which espoused state atheism.[37][38]
A survey commissioned by the Época Magazine in 2005 showed that 29% of Brazilians attend church weekly, and indicated that it is lesser than in the United States but higher than in Western Europe and Japan, indeed showing that contrary to the local popular belief, Brazilians of the time could indeed be regarded as a religious people even in practice (though it is ponderable that the growth of the population declaring to be solely irreligious in nationwide censuses grew about 100% between 2000 and 2010, and 200% between 2000 and 2013, from 4% to 12%, and general secularization also grew among the portion of the population that remained religious).[39]

A 2006 Financial Times (FT)/Harris Poll conducted online surveyed 12,507 adults over 16 years old in the United States (2,010 U.S. adults were surveyed) and five European countries (France, Italy, Germany, Great Britain and Spain). The survey found that only 26% of those polled attended religious services "every week or more often", 9% went "once or twice a month", 21% went "a few times a year", 3% went "once a year", 22% went "less than once a year", and 18% never attend religious services. Harris Interactive stated that the magnitude of errors cannot be estimated due to

non-response bias.[40]
A previous nearly identical survey by Harris in 2003 found that only 26% of those surveyed attended religious services "every week or more often", 11% went "once or twice a month" 19% went "a few times a year", 4% went "once a year", 16% went "less than once a year", and 25% never attend religious services.

Calculating the church's average weekend attendance is important since it determines the size of a given church. For example, in the U.S., an average weekend attendance of more than 2,000 people separates a

the Barna Group, an American private consulting firm).[42] A narrow definition of a regular church attendee can be viewed as a synonym for a Sunday service visitation, while a broad definition, names as a regular attendee a person who comes to church during three out of eight weekends.[43]

Attendance by country

A billboard near the center of Alabama

The frequency with which Christians attend church services varies greatly around the world. In some countries weekly attendance at religious services is common among Christians, while in others weekly attendance is rare. The following attendance statistics are mostly based on self-reporting surveys and may not accurately reflect real attendance figures.

Percentage of Christians who attend church at least once a week
Country Percentage
Indonesia (2018)[44]
 
 91.8%
Nigeria (2009)[45]
 
 89%
Zambia (2009)[45]
 
 85%
Haiti (2008-2009)[45]
 
 85%
Tanzania (2008-2009)[45]
 
 83%
Central African Republic (2009)[45]
 
 83%
Ghana (2009)[45]
 
 83%
Liberia (2009)[45]
 
 82%
Mozambique (2009)[45]
 
 81%
Uganda (2009)[45]
 
 81%
Kenya (2008)[45]
 
 80%
Ethiopia (2009)[45]
 
 78%
Cameroon (2009)[45]
 
 76%
Guatemala (2013-2014)[46]
 
 74%
Democratic Republic of the Congo (2009)[45]
 
 72%
Rwanda (2008)[45]
 
 70%
Guinea-Bissau (2009)[45]
 
 66%
Jamaica (2009)[45]
 
 66%
Honduras (2014)[46]
 
 64%
Botswana (2008-2009)[45]
 
 62%
El Salvador (2013)[46]
 
 61%
South Africa (2008)[45]
 
 60%
Nicaragua (2013)[46]
 
 55%
Costa Rica (2013)[46]
 
 51%
Colombia (2013-2014)[46]
 
 50%
Japan (2017)[47]
 
 50%
Dominican Republic (2013-2014)[46]
 
 48%
Panama (2013-2014)[46]
 
 48%
Puerto Rico (2013-2014)[46]
 
 47%
Brazil (2013-2014)[46]
 
 45%
Mexico (2013-2014)[46]
 
 45%
Bolivia (2013-2014)[46]
 
 41%
Poland (2017)[48]
 
 41%
United States (2018)[49]
 
 41%
Venezuela (2017)[48]
 
 41%
Ecuador (2013-2014)[46]
 
 38%
Israel (2014-2015)[50]
 
 38%
Italy (2019) [51]
 
 37%
Malta (2017)[52]
 
 36.1%
Peru (2013)[46]
 
 35%
Bosnia and Herzegovina (2017)[48]
 
 35%
Armenia (2020)[53]
 
 34%
Paraguay (2013-2014)[46]
 
 32%
Ireland (2017)[48][54]
 
 32%
Slovenia (2009)[55]
 
 26%
Croatia (2017)[56]
 
 24%
Romania (2017)[48]
 
 24%
Cyprus (2013)[46]
 
 22%
Spain (2019)[57]
 
 21.5%
Portugal (2011)[58]
 
 19%
Ukraine (2017)[48]
 
 19%
Chile (2014) [46]
 
 19%
Argentina (2019)[59]
 
 17.4%
Greece (2017)[48]
 
 17%
Netherlands (2013)[60]
 
 16%
Uruguay (2014) [46]
 
 13%
Canada (2019)[61]
 
 11%
Armenia (2017)[48]
 
 10%
Hungary (2017)[48]
 
 9%
Bulgaria (2017)[48]
 
 9%
Russia (2013)[62]
 
 8%
Latvia (2017)[48]
 
 8%
Austria (2017)[48]
 
 7%
Sweden (2016)[63]
 
 5%
United Kingdom (2015)[64]
 
 5%
Norway (2011)[65]
 
 5%
Cuba (2012)[66]
 
 5%
Denmark (2015)[67]
 
 3%
Estonia (2017)[48]
 
 2%

The following church attendance statistics are taken from the 2004 Gallup report, based on self-reporting telephone surveys. However, it is unclear whether the survey was solely of Christians in the respective country or the entire population (including non-Christians).

Country Year Attendance (%)
Austria 2004 18%[68]
Cyprus 2004 22%[68]
Denmark 2004 3%[68]
Czech Republic 2004 11%[68]
Estonia 2004 4%[68]
Finland 2004 5%[68]
Greece 2004 27%[68]
Hungary 2004 12%[68]
Ireland 2004 54%[68]
Italy 2004 31%[68]
Latvia 2004 7%[68]
Lithuania 2004 14%[68]
Malta 2004 74%[68]
Norway 2002 3%[69]
Poland 2004 63%[68]
Portugal 2004 29%[68]
Slovakia 2004 33%[68]
Slovenia 2004 18%[68]
Spain 2004 21%[68]
Sweden 2004 5%[68]

A study by the European Social Survey conducted in 2008 found these rates of respondents never attending religious service (excluding special occasions):[70]

Respondents never attending religious services
Percentage Countries
<10% Cyprus, Greece, Poland, Bosnia-Herzegovina
10–20% Croatia, Italy, Ukraine
20–30% Turkey, Portugal, Russia
30–40% Estonia, Germany, Sweden
40–50% Israel, Spain, Netherlands
50–60% Belgium, United Kingdom, France
>60% Czech Republic

Attendance by U.S. state

The frequency by which adults attend church services also vary on a state-by-state basis in the United States.

Percentage of adults who attend church at least once a week (2014):[71]
State Percentage
Alabama
 
 55%
Utah
 
 53%
Tennessee
 
 51%
Mississippi
 
 49%
South Carolina
 
 47%
West Virginia
 
 46%
Louisiana
 
 46%
Virginia
 
 44%
Oklahoma
 
 43%
Georgia
 
 42%
Texas
 
 42%
Arkansas
 
 41%
Nebraska
 
 39%
Kentucky
 
 39%
North Carolina
 
 39%
Washington, D.C.
 
 39%
Wyoming
 
 38%
Ohio
 
 38%
Indiana
 
 37%
Kansas
 
 37%
Missouri
 
 37%
Rhode Island
 
 36%
Iowa
 
 36%
South Dakota
 
 36%
New Mexico
 
 36%
Idaho
 
 35%
Florida
 
 35%
New Jersey
 
 35%
Delaware
 
 34%
Pennsylvania
 
 34%
Minnesota
 
 34%
Arizona
 
 34%
Illinois
 
 34%
Michigan
 
 33%
North Dakota
 
 33%
Montana
 
 31%
Maryland
 
 31%
Nevada
 
 31%
California
 
 31%
Washington
 
 30%
Alaska
 
 30%
Colorado
 
 30%
Oregon
 
 29%
New York
 
 29%
Hawaii
 
 28%
Connecticut
 
 28%
Wisconsin
 
 27%
Massachusetts
 
 23%
New Hampshire
 
 22%
Maine
 
 22%
Vermont
 
 21%

Demographics

church procession on Saint Lucy's Day

The Pew Research Center studied the effects of gender on religiosity throughout the world, finding that women are generally more religious than men, yet the gender gap is greater for Christians than Muslims. Pew Research Center data in 53 countries, found that 53% of Christian women and 46% of Christian men say they attend services at least once a week. While Christians of both genders in African countries are equally likely to regularly attend services.[72]

Church attendance remains stronger among older demographics, and more common for women in the West.

Harvard School of Public Health found "that regularly attending church services together reduces a couple’s risk of divorce by 47 percent".[82]

A 2018 sociological survey found that in the United States, "Donald Trump voters who attend church regularly are more likely than nonreligious Trump voters to have warmer feelings toward racial and religious minorities, to be more supportive of immigration and trade, and to be more concerned about poverty."[83][84] A 2005 European Union survey found that religious belief increased with age and was higher among women, those who were leaning towards right-wing politics, and those reflecting more upon philosophical and ethical issues.[85] In particular, the Iona Institute documented increasing church attendance in Ireland, despite sex-abuse scandals that plagued the Catholic Church.[86] Some suggest[who?] the rise is due to the effects of the economic recession.

Research shows that there is a correlation between church attendance and the level of education. For instance, in a Pew Research study from 1996, approximately 34% of high school dropouts went to church on a typical Sunday, while 44% of those with a college degree or higher did.[87] 48% of married individuals attended church on a typical Sunday, compared with 29% of divorced and 31% of never-married individuals. While it is likely that the well-educated and married might over-report their church attendance more often, these findings nevertheless demonstrate that they have maintained a stronger church-going identity than other Americans. In the United Kingdom, research in 2018 demonstrated that "Students at Oxford, Cambridge and Durham are twice as likely to worship on a Sunday as the general population"—colleges at these universities maintain approximately fifty-six chapels for worship.[88]

According to a 2017 study by the

college degrees than the general population.[89] The study found that highly educated Christians in the United States are more likely to attend church than those with lower education levels.[89] On a scale measuring levels of religious commitment, over 70% of Christians in the United States who are educated demonstrate high levels of religiosity.[89]

Influence of parents

Several research studies in the USA and Europe found that church attendance practices of parents, especially fathers, can be highly influential in forming the future church attendance practices of their children.

In

Fertility and Family Survey was commissioned by the Federal Statistical Office (Switzerland) to enable Switzerland to take part in this international project launched by the UNECE Population Activities Unit. The survey was conducted between October 1994 and May 1995, with the results being published in 2000 by the Council of Europe. The results are representative of Switzerland's permanent resident population aged 20–49 and presented in the table below.[90]

Practice of religion according to practice of parents (%)

Practice of parents Practice of children
Father Mother Regular Irregular Non-practicing
Regular Regular 32.8 41.4 25.8
Regular Irregular 37.7 37.6 24.7
Regular Non-practicing 44.2 22.4 33.4
Irregular Regular 3.4 58.6 38.0
Irregular Irregular 7.8 60.8 31.4
Irregular Non-practicing 25.4 22.8 51.8
Non-practicing Regular 1.5 37.4 61.1
Non-practicing Irregular 2.3 37.8 59.9
Non-practicing Non-practicing 4.6 14.7 80.7

A non-practicing mother with a regular father will see a minimum of two-thirds of her children ending up at church. In contrast, a non-practicing father with a regular mother will see two-thirds of his children not attending church. If his wife is similarly non-practicing that figure rises to 80 percent.[91][92]

An American study found similar results on the impact of fathers:[93]

  • When both parents attend Sunday school, 72% of the children attend Sunday school when grown.
  • When only the father attends Sunday school, 55% of the children attend when grown.
  • When only the mother attends Sunday school, 15% of the children attend when grown.
  • When neither parent attends Sunday school, only 6% of the children attend when grown.

Invitations

Further information: Evangelism

Research on individuals residing in the United States and Canada concluded that "Ninety-six percent of the unchurched are at least somewhat likely to attend church if they are invited."[94] In July 2018, LifeWay Research found that "Nearly two-thirds of Protestant churchgoers say they’ve invited at least one person to visit their church in the past six months".[95]

Trends

The Christian season of Lent begins on Ash Wednesday, most notably by the public imposition of ashes. In this photograph, a woman receives a cross of ashes on Ash Wednesday at an Episcopal Christian church.

Church attendance in advanced industrial societies is in gradual general decline with people shifting from weekly to monthly or holiday attendance. Sociologists have attributed this trend to a number of reasons, starting from a simple boredom during services and lack of motivation, to generational incompatibility of belief systems and social changes attributed to modernity.[96] Research across 65 different nations showed that out of 20 advanced industrial countries, 16 demonstrated a declining rate of monthly church attendance.[97]

An article published in the Christianity Today Magazine in 2007 suggested that in America, church attendance since the 1990s had remained stable.[98]

The percent of Americans who regularly attend religious services has fluctuated over time, but presently is at a low point.

Gallup Poll surveys, the yearly aggregate of those who answer "yes" to the question "Did you, yourself, happen to attend church or synagogue in the last seven days, or not?" was 36% in 2014, 2015, and 2016.[100] This is a very long-running Gallup question: "In 1939, when Gallup first asked this question, 41% said 'yes.' That percentage dropped to 37% in 1940 and rose to 39% in 1950. It continued to climb, reaching as high as 49% at multiple points in the 1950s. Attendance then settled down to figures around 40% for decades, before dropping to 36%" beginning in 2014.[99]

The decline in church attendance is more pronounced in developed European countries, where it is suggested that the secular culture overrides interest in religion. In Poland, church attendance has declined from more than 50% in 1979 to 40% in 2012.[101]

Disparity between self reported and actual attendance

In the early 1990s, American sociologists Kirk Hadaway, Penny Marler, and Mark Chaves found that weekly attendance at Protestant and Catholic churches in one rural county in Ohio was only about 20%, whereas self-reported church attendance was 36%.[102] The following studies confirmed a long-suspected gap between actual and self-reporting church attendance.[103][104] The researchers have been wary of accusing over-reporters of dishonesty, as they found in the study that those who over-report do so mainly to maintain perceptions of themselves as "churched" Americans, not because they are afraid to reveal to the interviewer that they are "bad Christians."[105] The findings point to a bigger issue as many people in the world may be over-reporting church attendance because of their self-perception and identity as churchgoing people, indicating a certain psychological aspect to the over-reporting of church attendance. Although surveys of church attendance are aimed to study religious behavior, many respondents view them as questions about their identity. This is especially true among Americans who consider themselves "regular churchgoers."[106][107]

See also

References

Notes

  1. seventh-day Sabbatarianism organize worship on Saturdays.[23]

Citations

  1. ISBN 9780230344174
    . It is quite normal to go to church on Christmas Eve, and many people like to celebrate a christening or wedding in church. The Church is especially important at the end of a life; by far the majority of funerals are still conducted in a church by a minister.
  2. ISBN 9780719007941
    . Following the formulation of the Westminster Confession, fully fledged Sabbatarianism quickly took root too, being embodied in an Act of 1661, then spreading northwards and westwards as the Highlands were opened up after the '46, during which time the doctrine lost its original force and vigour in the Lowlands.
  3. ISBN 9780664503086
    . The Westminster Confession urges a strict observance of the Lord's Day as a day of rest and worship, away from "works, words, and thoughts" about "worldly employments and recreations." The whole time is to be devoted to "public and private exercises of [God's) worship, and in duties of necessity and mercy" (BC 6.119). In the United States, many "blue laws" relating to Sunday originated from this general prescription observed by American Puritans of the Reformed tradition.
  4. ISBN 9780191607431
    .
  5. ISBN 9789004249899
    .
  6. ISBN 9781443867924
    . Attendance at an Anglican church service at least twice a year was a legal requirement for all people until 1791 and some parishioners endured the minimum church attendance requirement in order to avoid a fine.
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-1-62189-134-5
    .
  8. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4908-0205-3
    .
  9. ^ Richardson, John R. (1966). Christian Economics: Studies in the Christian Message to the Market Place. St. Thomas Press. p. 91.
  10. ^ "On Avoiding Church Services". ww1.antiochian.org. Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America. 8 February 2017.
  11. ^ a b Christianity and church attendance
  12. ^ Mitchell, Travis (2018-06-13). "3. How religious commitment varies by country among people of all ages". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
  13. ^ "The world's most committed Christians live in Africa, Latin America – and the U.S." Pew Research Center. 22 August 2018.
  14. ^ a b "Religion: Gallup Historical Trends". www.gallup.com. Gallup, Inc. 8 June 2007. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
  15. ^ Kuriakose, Noble (18 April 2014). "When Easter and Christmas near, more Americans search online for "church"". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  16. ^ Stetzer, Ed (14 December 2015). "What Is Church Attendance Like During Christmastime? New Data From LifeWay Research". Christianity Today. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  17. ^ Athena Magazine, Issues 41-55. International Studies Association. 1991. p. 86. It has also shrunk through the trial, 'as by fire', of decades of totalitarian state atheism, in which simply to profess the Christian Faith automatically ranked one as a dissident and church attendance was not infrequently the first step towards martyrdom.
  18. ^ a b c d e f "Why an Evening Worship Service?". Christ United Reformed Church. 8 December 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  19. ISBN 978-1-60608-105-1
    .
  20. ISBN 978-1-4674-5958-7
    . These words make it clear that Hippolytus is dealing both with prayers that are to take place at home or during the day's business and with the prayers and times of study that take place in the community of the church. The prayers upon rising, on the third hour either at home or away from it, and before going to bed at night are sometimes held in private and sometimes in the company of other believers in the same household. But Hippolytus refers to other gatherings which offer, besides prayer, an opportunity for instruction and inspiration. Thus, we see here the beginning of the practice of setting aside certain times for private prayer as well as others for communal prayer.
  21. ISBN 978-1-61970-168-7
    . Morning and Evening Prayer were liturgical services held each day at the local church, during which psalms were sung and prayers were offered to God.
  22. ISBN 978-90-04-14603-7
    .
  23. ^ a b Hughes, James R. (2006). "The Sabbath: A Universal and Enduring Ordinance of God" (PDF). Evangelical Presbyterian Church. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  24. ^ Jones, M. (12 June 2015). "Organized Sports on Sundays?". Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  25. ^ The Korean Repository, Volume 3. Trilingual Press. 21 August 1896. p. 361. The Sunday morning service has been well attended, as have also the Sunday evening and Wednesday evening services.
  26. ^ "Times of Worship". Saint Paul's Free Methodist Church. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  27. ISBN 978-0-2280-0028-0
    . Starting with Shrove Tuesday (locally known as Pancake Day), and proceeding through Ash Wednesday to Good Friday, families increased their church attendance and, especially, engaged in the embodies practices of fasting and/or "giving up something for Lent."
  28. ^ The Living Church, Volume 138. Morehouse-Gorham Company. 1959. p. 221. Case after case was noted where parish church attendance had doubled, tripled, and in some cases, quadrupled at all services on Ash Wednesday. As the weeks of Lent rolled along, reports continued to come in mentioning that attendance at all services during Lent was far greater than at any other period during many of the churches' histories.
  29. ^ Grossman, Cathy Lynn (2014-05-17). "Poll: Americans stretch the truth on attending church". Religion News Service. Religion News LLC. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
  30. JSTOR 3590599
    .
  31. ^ One in 10 attends church weekly BBC News.
  32. ^ NCLS releases latest estimates of church attendance. National Church Life Survey, Media release.
  33. ^ Baker, David. New church attendance figures – do the numbers add up? Comment, 16 May 2013.
  34. ^ Lipka, Michael. What surveys say about worship attendance – and why some stay home. Pewresearch.org, September 13, 2013.
  35. ^ Church Attendance Today Similar to 1940s Archived 2014-01-22 at the Wayback Machine. Gallup, January 19, 2014.
  36. ^ How many people outside of North America go regularly to religious services?
  37. ISBN 9781857431377
    . The experiment forcibly to impose gosateizm (state atheism) in the USSR lasted just 70 years. Until Lenin--Vladimir Ilych Ulyanov's first Decree on the Separation of Church and State of January 1918, no government in history had sought to enforce a system that rejected all forms of religion.
  38. ISBN 978-3-540-73355-3
    .
  39. ^ Época – O brasileiro em números (in Portuguese) Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^ "Religious Views and Beliefs Vary Greatly by Country, According to the Latest Financial Times/Harris Poll". Harrisinteractive.com. 2006-12-20. Archived from the original on 2012-05-23. Retrieved 2012-03-17.
  41. ^ Church Sizes. USA Churches.org. Accessed on January 19, 2014.
  42. ^ New Statistics on Church Attendance and Avoidance Archived 2014-01-20 at archive.today. Barna Group, March 3, 2008.
  43. ^ Barnes, Rebecca and Lindy Lowry. 7 Startling Facts: An Up Close Look at Church Attendance in America. Churchleaders.com. Accessed on 19 January 2014.
  44. ^ Bilangan Research Center. "Gereja Sudah Tidak Menarik Bagi Kaum Muda". Bilangan Research Center (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2018-10-30.
  45. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Tolerance and Tension: Christianity and Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  46. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Archived copy" (PDF). www.pewforum.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  47. ^ "Missions to East Asia's People". omf.org. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe". pewforum.org. Pew Research Center. May 10, 2017.
  49. ^ "World's most committed Christians live in Africa, Latin America, U.S."
  50. ^ Israel’s Religiously Divided Society
  51. ^ "In Italy, views of Church from the papers and the pews seem very different".
  52. ^ The Independent |Census finds increasingly aging church-going population; only 36.1% of Catholics attend Mass
  53. ^ "Caucasus Barometer 2017 Armenia".
  54. ^ "After Francis: what's the future for the church in Ireland?". RTE. 23 August 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  55. ^ "Notes on International Mass Attendance". georgetown.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  56. ^ "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Easter Europe" (PDF). pewresearch.org. Retrieved 12 April 2020.[page needed]
  57. ^ Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). "Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos - Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, nacional (con Ceuta y Melilla)" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 77. Retrieved 4 February 2020. The question was "¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religión, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a?", the weight used was "PESOCCAA" which reflects the population sizes of the Autonomous communities of Spain.
  58. ^ "Missas dominicais perderam 23 mil fiéis desde 2001".
  59. ISSN 1515-7466
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  61. ^ "Who Turns Off the Lights by 2050?: Evangelical Affiliation Dropping in Canada". Fellowship.ca. June 29, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
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