Spillover of the Syrian Civil War
This article needs to be updated.(February 2024) |
Spillover of the Syrian Civil War | |
---|---|
Part of the Syrian War spillover and international incidents | |
|
Following the outbreak of the protests of
In 2012, ISI began transporting its fighters, arms and supplies to Syria. In April 2013, ISI re-named itself as the "Islamic State of Iraq and Levant" (ISIL), officially announcing its expansion into Syria. Throughout 2013,
Iraq
Iraqi–Syrian border incidents
The Akashat ambush was a well planned assault against a Syrian Army convoy defended by Iraqi soldiers that took place on 4 March 2013, as the group was travelling in the province of Anbar, next to the border with Syria. The Islamic State of Iraq claimed responsibility for the ambush on 11 March.[5] 51 Syrian soldiers were killed in the clashes.[6]
In March 2013, a source from Sinjar hospital said that
In June 2016, the
As of May 10, 2017, IS has maintained control over al-Bukamal and the key route linking Syria and Iraq. IS has additionally conducted attacks near the Waled-Tanif Border Crossing to the south, and west of Mosul in the north. The significant territorial control ISIL maintains surrounding al-Bukamal allows for relatively easy passage between the two nations.[9]
Lebanon
The Syrian Civil War has led to incidents of
Lebanese–Syrian border
At the beginning of summer 2012, two
On 22 September 2012, a group of armed members of the
In August 2014, the Syrian air force bombed the Lebanese side of the border.[18] In December of that year, they used barrel bombs on suspected rebel installations northwest of Arsal.[19]
Lebanon vs. IS and al-Nusra Front
From 2–5 August 2014, the
On 21 August 2014, the al-Nusra Front invaded Lebanon near Arsal and the Bekaa Valley town of Al-Fakiha. Following a battle between them and Hezbollah, seven Hezbollah fighters and 32 Syrian terrorists died in clashes around the Syrian village of Nahleh, just over the border from Arsal.[21]
Dozens of hostages were taken back to Syria during the battle of Arsal. After fruitless negotiations, the Lebanese cabinet voted to authorize the army to invade Syria to free them on 4 September 2014,[22] something that they have yet to do. There was another attempted invasion of Lebanon by a joint IS-Nusra force in early October, which was beaten back by Hezbullah,[23] and in January 2015.
In December 2015, after over a year and a half in captivity, Lebanese troops held prisoner by Al Nusra were exchanged for prisoners held in Lebanon.[24]
Hezbollah vs. IS
In June 2015, the Hezbollah claimed that it was in the midst of a major battle with IS, which it claimed had invaded Lebanon and seized territory.[25]
Turkey
With a thousand-mile border with Syria and Iraq, there have been a number of incidents involving this nation with various factions in the conflicts south of the border.
Syrian–Turkish border clashes
Openly supporting the overthrow of Bashar al-Assad Turkey permitted the establishment of a "jihadist highway" where rebels of all stripes, including ISIL, were permitted to cross both supplies and personnel South of the border.[26] There were various incidents including the shooting down of a Turkish Air Force jet by Syria which killed the 2 pilots and also the shooting down of a Syrian Air Force jet by Turkey, and a February 2015 raid by the Turkish army to evacuate a tiny exclave in Syria.
Turkey and ISIL
Turkey had been allegedly supporting ISIL throughout its many incarnations as a "lesser evil" against the Assad government.
A vote to authorize military action was passed by the Turkish parliament on 2 October 2014. However, it had no follow-through and
The relationship between ISIL and Turkey deteriorated during the spring and summer of 2015, leading to sniping at the border and airstrikes by the Turks.
Siege of the Süleyman Shah Tomb
On 22 February 2015, the Turkish army invaded Syria via Kobani and drove to the Tomb of Suleyman Shah, which was dismantled and brought back to Turkey. The 40 guards, who were due to return home months before, were also rescued. About 100 military vehicles, including 39 tanks, were involved along with 572 military personnel, one of which was killed in an accident.[30]
Thirty to thirty-six Turkish soldiers were stationed there to guard the tomb. An attack on the tomb, considered Turkish territory under a 1921 Franco-Turkish agreement, was under threat earlier in the year, prompting the government to declare that it would retaliate against any such attack, and would serve as a casus belli.
The Syrian government said the raid was[31] an act of "flagrant aggression" and that it would hold Ankara responsible for its repercussions.
Russian warplane downing
On 24 November 2015, a Russian warplane was shot down in the Syrian-Turkey border area. Turkey claims the plane violated Turkish airspace, a claim Russia denies.[32] Early reports from multiple Russian news agencies indicated that the plane had been downed by a ground-based strike from Syrian rebels, but Russian officials later confirmed the Turkish reports that the plane had been downed by Turkish fighter jets. According to Turkish officials, the Russian jet, an SU-24, was shot down by two Turkish F-16 jets after multiple requests (10 requests in a five-minute span) for the Russian jet to change its course. Turkey maintains that the Russian jet violated its airspace, flying over Turkish territory despite warnings to change course, while Russia states that its jet never entered Turkish airspace and was over Syria the whole time. Turkey produced a graphic showing the Russian plane's flight pattern, which appears to show it crossing the southern tip of Hatay Province before being shot down and crashing near Turkmen Mountain near the Syria-Turkey border.[33]
Turkey had previously warned Russia about violations to Turkish airspace, and had also warned them of strikes against civilian Syrian Turkmen living along the Turkish border.[34] Russia has steadfastly maintained "throughout its flight, the aircraft remained exclusively above Syrian territory."[34] In response, Russian president Vladimir Putin stated that the attack was "a stab in the back by the accomplices of terrorists."[33]
Kurdish conflict
The 2015 conflict between Turkey and the PKK broke out following two year-long peace negotiations, which began in late 2012, but failed to progress in light of the growing tensions on border with Syria in late 2014, when the
Jordan
There have been several incidents on the 375 km long border between Syria and Jordan.[38] Jordan hosts nearly 600,000 registered Syrian refugees—although Jordanian officials say the total number is 1.4 million.[39]
Heavy shelling aimed at
In April 2014, the
Since October 2014, Jordan has been an active part of the anti-ISIS coalition, contributing to the American-led campaign of airstrikes.
Two incidents occurred in January 2016. On 23 January Jordanian armed forces spokesman stated that a total of 36 armed men tried to infiltrate the border and an engagement with Jordanian border patrol left 12 dead while the rest retreated back into Syria. They were found to have 2,000,000 drug pills. The spokesperson also stated that "Jordan will not tolerate any infiltration attempt and will strike with an iron fist to whoever tries to disrupt Jordanian national security".[44]
On 25 January, two armed men tried to infiltrate the borders and were killed. They were found to have 2600 palm-sized bags of cannabis and 2.4 million Captagon pills.[45]
Syrian–Israeli ceasefire line
On 25 September 2012, several mortar shells landed in the
On 22 and 23 June 2015 two ambulances transporting wounded Syrian rebels were attacked by Druze protesters in the Golan Heights. One of the injured persons was killed in the incident.[51] The attacks followed an interview with a rebel who had been treated in Israel and promised to come back to Syria to fight against the Druze minority.[52]
On 10 February 2018, an Iranian drone was reported to have entered Israeli airspace, which was shot down by the Israeli Air Force. In retaliation, the IAF struck Iranian targets inside Syria. During the attack on the Iranian targets, Syrian anti-air defense systems shot down an Israeli F-16 fighter jet.[53][54][55]
Distant spillover locations
Libya
The takeover of the city of
ISIL in Libya posted a video online on 15 February 2015 depicting the killing of 21
Kuwait
On 26 June 2015, ISIL militants blew up a Shiite mosque in Kuwait City killing dozens and injuring hundreds.[62]
France
A campaign of
Bangladesh
A majority of
See also
- Timeline of the Syrian civil war
- Anbar campaign (2013–2014)
- European migrant crisis
- Refugees of the Syrian civil war
- Islamic terrorism in Europe
- Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
- List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
- List of ongoing armed conflicts
- List of wars by death toll
- List of wars involving Syria
- List of wars involving Iraq
- List of wars involving Iran
- List of wars involving Kurdistan Region
- List of wars involving Israel
- List of wars involving Jordan
- List of wars involving Lebanon
- List of wars involving Saudi Arabia
- List of wars involving Turkey
References
- ^ Charbonneau, Louis (13 June 2012). "Syria conflict now a civil war". Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 March 2017.
- ^ "FSA-ISIS fighting kills 51 on Syria-Iraq border". Al Arabiya English. 10 April 2014. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- ^ Karen Leigh. "For ISIS, Iraq's Spoils Could Tip Balance in Eastern Syria". ABC News. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
- ^ Myre, Greg (13 June 2014). "In One Map, The Dramatic Rise Of The Islamic State Militants". NPR. Archived from the original on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
- ^ "Al-Qaeda claims killing Syrian troops in Iraq". Al Jazeera. 11 March 2013. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
- ^ "Islamists Try to Tighten Grip on Syria Regions". Wall Street Journal. 10 March 2013. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
- ^ "مستشفى سنجار يتسلم جثث ستة جنود عراقيين قتلوا برصاص الجيش السوري الحر". قناه السومرية العراقية. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- ^ "ISIL retakes Syria border town from US-backed rebels". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- ^ "ISIS Sanctuary: May 10, 2017" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
- ^ Cave, Damien (24 August 2012). "Syrian War Plays Out Along a Street in Lebanon". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
- ^ "Syria airstrike on Lebanon 'unacceptable': Sleiman". The Daily Star. 19 March 2013. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
- ^ Deadly fighting rages in Lebanon Archived 9 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine Al Jazeera, 24 June 2013
- ^ "Hezbollah Increases Support for Syrian Regime, U.S. and Lebanese Officials Say (Beirut)". Northjersey.com. 26 September 2012. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
- ^ "Syrian jets hit Lebanese territory near border, 18 September 2012". Fox News. 18 September 2012. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
- ^ "(Lebanon), Lebanese president praises Army response to FSA attack, 23 September 2012". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
- ^ Alkhshali Hamdi, Amir Ahmed, Mohammed Tawfeeq, Ben Brumfield and Joe Sterling (22 September 2012). "Rebeldes sirios atacan un puesto del Ejército en territorio de Líbano". CNN Espanol. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Report: 5,000 Pro-Hizbullah Fighters Defending Lebanese-Inhabited Border Towns in Syria". Naharnet. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- ^ "Syria warplanes bomb Lebanon border region". The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
- ^ "Three Lebanese killed by Syrian raid on border town". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
- ^ "Army Retakes Posts in Arsal, Says 10 Troops Killed as 'Humanitarian Truce' Reportedly Reached — Naharnet". Naharnet.com. 3 August 2014. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Military option on table to free hostages". The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
- ^ "Hezbollah repel al-Nusra attack on Lebanon-Syria border". BBC News. 5 October 2014. Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
- ^ Nour Samaha (2 December 2015). "Lebanese army and al-Nusra Front conduct prisoner swap". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 9 September 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ^ Josh Wood (11 June 2015). "Hizbollah declares war on ISIL". The National. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ^ "'Empathy' might work: Turkey delivers tanks to ISIS". Daily Sabah. 30 September 2014. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
- ^ "Research Paper: ISIS-Turkey List". The Huffington Post. 9 November 2014. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ Seibert, Thomas (12 September 2014). "Why Turkey Is Sitting Out the ISIS War". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 29 January 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "22 killed in protests against ISIL siege of Kurdish town". Today's Zaman. 9 October 2014. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
- ^ "Turkey evacuates troops guarding tomb inside Syria". The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
- ^ "Syria condemns Turkey's 'flagrant aggression' in north". The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
- ^ "Turkey 'downs Russian warplane on Syria border'". BBC News. 24 November 2015. Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
- ^ a b Whittaker, Francis; Melville-Smith, Alicia (24 November 2015). "Russian Jet Downed Near Turkey-Syria Border". Buzzfeed News. Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
- ^ a b "Turkey 'shoots down Russian warplane on Syria border'". BBC. 24 November 2015. Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
- Hurriyet. DHA. 21 July 2015. Archivedfrom the original on 15 December 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
- ^ "Kurdish group claims 'revenge murder' on Turkish police". Al Jazeera. 22 July 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
- ^ "Turkish crackdown on Kurds leaves death and destruction in border town of Cizre". ABC News (Australia). 21 September 2015. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- ^ "Jordan: 4 vehicles destroyed on Syria border". The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. Archived from the original on 20 September 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
- ^ "Higher Population Council says Syrian refugees number 1.4 million". Jordan Times. 24 September 2014. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ^ "Clashes erupt anew along Syria border". Jordan Times. 18 May 2014. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
- ^ "Rocket Fired from Syria Kills One in Jordan". Naharnet. Archived from the original on 19 July 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
- ^ "One killed, several wounded in Jordan-Syria border clashes". Al Bawaba. Archived from the original on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
- ^ "Jordanian jihadis returning from Syria war rattle U.S.-aligned kingdom". Reuters. 17 April 2014. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
- ^ "Army kills 12 infiltrators on Syria border". Jordan Times. 23 January 2016. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
- ^ "خبرني : نبض الشارع : حرس الحدود يقتل مهربيْن". Khaberni. Archived from the original on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- ^ Buchnik, Maor (25 September 2012). "Mortar shells land in northern Golan Heights". Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
- ^ Zitun, Yoav (3 November 2012). "3 Syrian tanks enter demilitarized zone in Golan Heights". Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
- ^ Zitun, Yoav (5 November 2012). "IDF jeep hit by Syrian gunfire; none injured". Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
- ^ "Israeli army fires 'warning shots' at Syria". Al Jazeera. 11 November 2012. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
- ^ Buchnik, Maor (12 November 2012). "IDF retaliates against Syrian mortar fire". Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
- ^ "Wounded Syrian killed when Druze lynch mob attacks IDF ambulance". Ynetnews. 23 June 2015. Archived from the original on 25 June 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
- ^ "Druse living under Israeli rule in the Golan Heights believe that some of the Syrians being treated at Israeli hospitals are Nusra Front gunmen". The Jerusalem Post. 23 June 2015. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
- ^ "Israel strikes Iranian targets in Syria, IAF F-16 shot down". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
- ^ "Israeli jet downed by Syrian fire - army". BBC News. 10 February 2018. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
- ^ Kubovich, Yaniv; Shpigel, Noa; Khoury, Jack (10 February 2018). "Israel Downs Iranian Drone, Strikes Syria; Israeli F-16 Shot Down, Pilots Safe". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
- ^ Zelin, Aaron Y. (10 October 2014). "The Islamic State's First Colony in Libya". The Washington Institute. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
- ^ Ernst, Douglas (18 November 2014). "Islamic State takes Libyan city; 100K under terror group's control as chaos spreads". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
- ^ "Forces of Libya's east-based warlord bombard Derna | The Libya Observer". www.libyaobserver.ly. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
- ^ "Beheading of Coptic Christians in Libya Shows ISIS Branching Out". TIME. 15 February 2015. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
- ^ "Egyptian air strikes in Libya kill dozens of Isis militants". The Guardian. 16 February 2015. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
- ^ "More Egyptians being kidnapped". Libya Herald. 16 February 2015. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
- ^ "ISIL claims responsibility for Kuwait Shia mosque blast". Al Jazeera. 27 June 2015. Archived from the original on 28 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ^ "Seven Militants Led Deadly Paris Attacks" Archived 14 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine The Wall Street Journal. "Islamic State claimed responsibility for the attacks on a social media account, but didn’t provide specific information that would allow the claim to be verified. It said the attacks were retaliation for French airstrikes against the group in Syria and Iraq."
- ^ "Bangladesh saw rise in attacks". The Daily Star. 3 June 2016. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ^ Marszal, Andrew; Graham, Chris (1 July 2016). "20 hostages killed in 'Isil' attack on Dhaka restaurant popular with foreigners". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.