Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2011)
The following is a timeline of the
May 2011
1–2 May
Protesters throughout Syria remained defiant despite intensifying arrests and attacks in Daraa and Douma.[1]
The Syrian military continued shelling homes in Daraa with tanks.[2] As the military siege on Daraa continued, Assad's security forces allegedly killed 40 civilians elsewhere in the town of Tel Kalakh. By 2 May, 4,000 people crossed the border into Lebanon.[3]
4 May
The deadly military siege on Daraa continued. Arrests intensified in Damascus, with large protests anticipated for Friday after prayers.[4]
5 May – Siege of Homs
Since 15 March 2011, according to the BBC, 500 Syrians have been killed and 2,500 others detained.[5] Dozens of tanks were today sent to the Syrian city of Homs as part of the crackdown.[6] Syrian army tanks raided Saqba and other suburbs of Damascus.[7] In Damascus, the government arrested 300 people[8]
The Syrian Army pulled out of Daraa[9] By the end of the day, the army prepared to seize control of Baniyas.[10]
About 100 tanks and troop transports converged on the town of Al-Rastan, after anti-government protesters toppled a statue of the late Syrian president Hafez al-Assad and pledged to press ahead with their revolution despite sweeping arrests by Bashar al-Assad's government.[11]
6 May – "Friday of Challenge"
On 6 May, after Friday noon prayers, demonstrators rose in cities and towns across Syria to protest the government, especially in the suburbs of Damascus, the smaller cities of
Following this "Day of Defiance",
Many anti-government protests occurred, starting mainly in the Kurdish Northeast and Damascus suburbs. Baniyas, Homs, and Hama were also among the cities which witnessed large demonstrations. 11 members of the Syrian army were killed by an armed group in Homs as a result of an armed attack on a military checkpoint.[16] 16 civilians in Homs and Hama were shot dead by security forces.[17][18][19]
7 May – "Siege of Baniyas"
The Syrian army began a siege of Baniyas, with at least 6 civilians dead on 7 May, among them 4 women.[20]
8 May – "Siege of Tafas"
On 8 May, a 12-year-old boy was killed during a government crackdown in Homs and a 10-year-old boy was arrested, anti-government activists claimed.[21] The Syrian army began a siege on Tafas, near Daraa, and arrested at least 250 people there.[22]
9 May
The Syrian army continued its house to house raid on Baniyas, Tafas, Homs. Arrests were ongoing in Damascus as well, where gunfire was heard.[23]
The European Union institutes arms embargo and other sanctions against Syria, but not against President Assad.[24]
10 May
The Syrian army prepared a siege on Hama, as the siege on Baniyas, Tafas, Homs, and Damascus continued.[25] The European Union imposed sanctions on 13 government individuals including Maher al-Assad, Bashar's brother, who commands the security brigades.[26] Kuwait will also replace Syria for bid on membership of the UN Human Rights Council due to Syria's oppression of protesters.[27]
11 May
In an escalation of the siege on Homs, tanks were sent in and began shelling buildings, with at least 5 killed. Secretary general of the UN Ban Ki-moon demanded that the UN have access to Daraa.[28]
12 May
Mass arrests were carried out in Aleppo against students who protested. The siege of Homs, Tafas, and Baniyas continued. Tanks were sent towards Hama.[29] Dael, Jassem, and Al-Harah were also under siege by tanks and troops.[30]
13 May – "Friday of Free Women"
Bashar Al-Assad reportedly ordered the Syrian army "not to shoot" at protesters ahead of expected Friday protests.[30] Security forces began to set up checkpoints and roadblocks all across Syria. Demonstrations first began in Hama and Qamishli and Homs. Towns across the Kurdish northeast protested as Kurds have been intensifying their protests. Thousands rallied in Daraa where security forces fired warning shots. Thousands rallied in Damascus, where police presence was especially large, particularly in the Midan suburb, where thousands of officers were deployed to stop them from entering other parts of Damascus. People tried to protest in Baniyas and Latakia, but were shot at with live ammunition.[31]
Three people were shot and killed by security forces in Homs, two in Damascus, and one in Daraa.[32][33] Despite the intensified crackdown and massive police and army presence, the strength and the number of protesters in Damascus appeared to have only increased.[34]
14 May – "Siege of Talkalakh"
The government continued to prevent food from being sent to Daraa, in an effort to starve people into stopping their protests.[35] The army launched a siege on Talkalakh, killing four civilians and sending hundreds to seek refugee in Lebanon. Protesting occurred in several cities, including Daraa. Funerals for slain protesters were held in Damascus's suburbs. The Kurds protesting in the north have called on all opposition forces in and out of Syria to unite into one party aiming at transferring Syria from a dictatorship to a democracy.[36]
15 May - "Israeli border demonstrations"
23 Syrian protesters are killed and 350 wounded by live fire from Israeli forces.[37]
16 May
The Syrian army's siege across the country continued, especially in Talkalakh, where 7 civilians were killed by Syrian army snipers when trying to cross the border into Lebanon. By this point 5,000 people had crossed the border into Lebanon. International media reported that mass graves had been found by farmers on the outskirts of Daraa with at least 20 dead people in them,[38] leading security forces to immediately reinstate a curfew in the restive town.[39]
17 May
The chief of the Political Security Forces of Homs and four other officers were killed by an armed group in Talkalakh.[40][41][42] The civilian death toll from the Syrian army's siege on Talkalakh risen to 27. Thousands attended funerals for slain protesters in Damascus the previous day. University students attempted to protest in
19 May
The general strike did not affect Damascus significantly, which is mostly blamed on the fear factor. Other towns saw greater levels of general strike. The USA put up sanctions on six top Syrian government officials, including Bashar al-Assad. As the opposition promised to continue their campaign, shootings and arrests of protesters were ongoing in Syria, as well as the siege and starvation of Talkalakh.[45]
20 May – "Friday of Azady (freedom)"
Over 23 people, including 2 boys, were killed by security forces across Syria. Most of the deaths occurred in Homs. For the first time
21 May
The death toll from Friday through Saturday rose to 76. Security forces in Homs fired on a funeral procession, killing 22 mourners.[48] A video released allegedly shows soldiers gathering dead bodies of Syrian protesters and mocking them.[49]
24 May
Human rights groups say the civilian death toll has reached over 1,100. They also confirmed that soldiers who refused to fire on civilians were executed by the Syrian army.[50] A large number of opposition groups are reportedly planning to meet in Turkey at the end of the month; to attempt to elect a transitional council, connect with protesters inside the country, and present the international community with a clear alternative to Assad.[51]
25 May
26 May
On 26 May,
Protesters plan to launch more large demonstrations Friday. This Friday dubbed, "Honor to the Guardians", will focus on asking the Syrian army to defend its people rather than its government.[55]
27 May – "Home Protectors' Friday"
External videos | |
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Thousands of protesters, Hama, Syria, 27 May 2011 on YouTube |
Protests occurred throughout the country on this "Home Protectors' Friday" (Arabic: جمعة حماة الديار). A total of 7 protesters died. Cities where several thousand protested in each included Baniyas, Berze, Qatana, Deir al-Zur, Zabadani, Dael, Daraa, Ablu Kamal, and Homs. Tens of thousands protested in Hama.[56]
28 May – "Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh"
On 28 May, the military pushed into the towns of Rastan and Talbiseh. The opposition claimed that soldiers fired from machine guns and tanks as they spread out through Talbiseh and started breaking into homes and arresting people. The operation started after the authorities cut all telecommunications in the area and all roads leading to the two towns were closed off by security forces and soldiers.[57]
On the same day, footage purportedly of a protest in Deraa appeared on YouTube that showed people carrying the photo of a 13-year-old boy, Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb, whom opposition activists alleged was tortured and killed. Human Rights Watch – who called on the government to investigate the case – stated that a Syrian researcher with their organisation had spoken to a relative who asserted that the boy had been taken into custody on 29 April during an anti-government march. A month later, his body was returned to the family for burial, allegedly riddled with bullets; his kneecaps, jaw, and neck broken; and his genitals mutilated. Various media sources pointed to a Facebook page in honor of the boy, as well as Twitter and blog posts from activists, in suggesting that the story emerging about the boy had reinvigorated calls for protest and "could galvanize the country's troubled protest movement", drawing comparisons with Khaled Saeed in the Egyptian Revolution.[58][59] Significant protests followed in Hama, Darayya, and, for the first time, Aleppo, with thousands chanting Hamza's name. A doctor invited to appear on pro-government television station al-Dunya claimed that the injuries were not consistent with torture and could have been faked. While the Syrian government denies access to foreign media to confirm or deny any story or event, the story of the boy's death travelled fast and far and was reportedly inspiring some who had not previously participated to engage in the demonstrations.[60]
30 May
Fourteen civilians were allegedly killed in Syria by security forces on 30 May, including a young girl. Cities and towns in the Daraa and Homs region saw the most intense protests. In response the Syrian army launched attacks and sieges on many towns and villages in the Homs and Daraa region, especially near Homs.[61]
31 May
On 31 May, media reported that armed residents in Rastan and Talbiseh put up resistance to the military and the besieging army was not able to enter the two towns.[62][63] The military reportedly started artillery attacks on both cities.[64]
June 2011
2 June
Witnesses said Syrian forces destroyed a number of buildings in protest stronghold Rastan on 2 June.[65] Human rights groups put the civilian death toll from the crackdown in the Rastan region at 41 or more, including 2 young girls.[65] Human Rights Watch issued a statement asserting, "The Syrian regime has carried out a "systematic" series of abuses against protesters that could "qualify as crimes against humanity," and the United Nations must hold the government accountable".[66] Human Rights Watch makes these assertions in a report titled "'We've Never Seen Such Horror': Crimes against Humanity in Daraa".[66]
3 June – "Friday of Children"
On this Friday, dubbed "Friday of Children", the largest protest outside Daraa so far occurred in Hama, with about 50,000 protesters. Protests occurred throughout the country, including in Damascus's suburbs and Daraa. The Syrian government shut off most of Syria's internet, reducing about 2/3 of Syria's internet activities.
64 people were killed in Hama alone by security forces. United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton made a statement saying Assad is about to lose legitimacy.[67]
4 June
Mass funerals were held in Hama and other cities. The death toll from Friday's protests risen to 72. Tanks were sent to Hama in preparation for another siege on the city.[68]
The Syrian government reportedly began using helicopter gunships on protesters, killing at least 10 in Rastan.[69][unreliable source?]
5 June
13 Syrian protesters are killed by Israeli security forces in disputed-Golan Heights.[70]
6 June
Syrian state TV reported that 120 soldiers were killed in
10 June – "Friday of Tribes" and "Siege of Jisr ash-Shugur"
On 10 June, the Syrian Army began military operations against the towns of
A second child named Tamer al-Sharey, age 15, was claimed to have been tortured and killed by Syrian police. Tamer al-Sharey was allegedly abducted by police, tortured, and killed, in a death similar to that of Hamza al-Khateeb, aged 13. Video footage allegedly shows the body of the dead 15-year-old.[76]
13 June
By 13 June, helicopter gunships and tanks breached the nearly empty town of Jisr ash-Shugur. Many residents left the city, with many fleeing to Turkey. The Syrian army reportedly engaged in battle with some army defectors, some witnesses who spoke to international press asserted, and conducted house-by-house arrests. Civilians were shot on sight, including a 16-year-old boy, according to some witnesses. Other witnesses reported that many of the troops who came into Jisr ash-Shugur were Iranian, though the Iranian government has repeatedly denied it is offering any military assistance to Syria to put down the uprising.[77] Soldiers who refused to shoot at people, even if they just shot in the air, were allegedly executed.[78][79]
14 June
The security branch of Jisr ash-Shugur largely defected, and the Syrian government decided to expand the siege and surround the northern town of Maraat al-Numaan.[80]
The Syrian army sent troops into Ariha, and shot dead six civilians. Another six civilians also died in Deir Ezzor, when security forces shot the protesters there. The Syrian army was sent to Abu Kamal as well.[47]
A journalist who snuck into Daraa reported that the Syrian army has blocked off most of town, and will not allow any supplies to come through. Consequently, Daraa is about to face a famine. 5000 residents there are being held in the local stadium, now used as a detention facility.[81]
For the first time, the Arab League condemned Syria's crackdown and repression.[82]
16 June
As the protesting and the Syrian's army's siege on Deir-el Zour, Jisr ash-Shugur, and Daraa continued, the Syrian army prepared to launch a siege at the Iraqi border town of al-Boukamal, the town of Khan Shaykoun, and the city of Maraat al-Numaan. Much of Maraat al-Numaan's civilian population fled the city.[83]
Rami Maklouf, Syrian's richest businessman and owner of Syriatel, Syria's largest phone company, publicly resigned "to do charity work" and quit business life. Maklouf was a close confidant of president Assad.[84]
UN Chief Ban Ki Moon condemned the violent crackdown.[85]
The Syrian opposition planned more protests for Friday, in what they dubbed as Friday of Saleh al-Ali. Saleh al-Ali was a renowned Syrian Alawite who commanded the Syrian rebellion against the French Mandate in the early 20th century. The opposition said it hoped to achieve Alawite support for the protests.[86]
17 June – "Friday of Saleh al-Ali"
Demonstrators claimed this Friday of protesting to be the largest one yet. Activists say 19 were killed nationwide by, security forces, including the first death in Aleppo. Tens of thousands protested in Daraa, as well as in Deir al-Zor, Homs, Kiswa, and Hama, as well as other cities. Tripoli, Lebanon, saw anti-Syrian government demonstrations, where two people died in a clash between Sunni's and Alawites. A total of 2000 people have been arrest in Jisr al-Shugur, and a reported 130 civilians killed there.[87][88]
Rami Abdel Rahman, head of the London-based Syrian Observatory of Human Rights, said five people were killed in Homs after security forces fired at a crowd of around 5,000 people. The state news agency SANA said a member of the security forces was killed and more than 30 were wounded by gunfire in Homs.[89]
Abdel Rahman also reported of casualties in Banias after "intense firing to disperse the demonstrations," and of hundreds of protesters in Suweida dispersed by Syrian forces wielding clubs. He also said there were anti-government demonstrations in Daraa province and Jableh, and two deaths in Harasta and two in Deir Ezzor. SANA reported of rallies in several cities and towns including Hama and Deir Ezzor, and said that six members of the security forces were wounded when gunmen attacked a recruitment centre in Deir Ezzor.[89]
Other activists who reached
Activists also said there were protests in Latakia and Maaret al-Nooman, and that 4,000 demonstrated in Qamishli and about 3,000 in Amuda. Abdullah al-Khalil, a rights activist, said that 2,500 people demonstrated in Raqqa without intervention by security forces.[89]
18 June
The
19 June
Opposition activists established a "National Council" to "lead the Syrian revolution, comprising all communities and representatives of national political forces inside and outside Syria," said their spokesmen, Jamil Saib, in a statement near the Turkish border.[91]
Syrian security forces were reportedly blocking refugees from escaping to Turkey, and were also firing at those trying to bring supplies and relief to them. Several thousand were now being prevented from leaving Syria, activists said.[92]
20 June
In an hour-long noon address, President Assad blamed "vandals", "radical and blasphemous individuals", and "foreign conspiracies" for the unrest, but also admitted that some of the demands of protesters were legitimate. He said the government was committed to moving forward with "reforms" and said he planned to meet with "committees" to address the question of how to draft a new constitution and grant other concessions. However, he did not outline a timeline or name any specific opposition groups or leaders whose input he was seeking in the process. Assad also offered an amnesty to peaceful protesters but warned that the military would continue to hunt down "terrorists", a term he has used before to describe anti-government individuals he accuses of acting violently.[93] In the speech, Assad said over 64,000 people were wanted by the government on charges of "sedition" and "terrorism". Assad also said a new parliamentary election could be held as soon as August, and unspecified reforms would be delivered by the end of September.[94]
Al Jazeera reported that refugees in Turkey from the military crackdown in northern Syria broke out into anti-Assad demonstrations and vented frustration with the president after watching and listening to the widely broadcast speech.[95]
After the speech, protesters gathered in Damascus's suburbs, Latakia, Baniyas, Aleppo, Daraa, Homs, Hama, and several other cities to demonstrate against the government. Activists dismissed Assad's claims of reform, saying "no dialogue with the murderers".[96][97][98]
The Turkish government sent an envoy to Damascus, who gave the Syrian government the message that they must remove Maher Assad, which the envoy called Syria's "thug in chief".[99]
21 June
The Syrian government encouraged all members of the Baath party to host pro-Assad rallies, sparking such rallies in several cities in Syria, most notably in Damascus where tens of thousands occupied the local square. The Syrian opposition held some counter-rallies, which came under attack by security forces, resulting in 7 anti-government protester deaths in Hama and Homs.[100]
22 June
Fearing growing anti-government demonstrations in Aleppo, police raided the Aleppo University campus and arrested dozens. Security forces attempted to limit the flow of supplies and people to and from Aleppo by setting up roadblocks on the local highways. The opposition of Syria rejected Assad's amnesty claims. Rioting occurred in a Northern Syrian prison when the government began releasing common day criminals instead of political prisoners, according to residents.[101]
24 June – "Friday of Lost Legitimacy"
In one of the largest yet, mass Friday demonstrations occurred in Syria. For the first time, people in central Damascus began protesting, where they were immediately shot outside the local mosque, killing 6. An additional 9 protesters were killed elsewhere in Syria, bringing the total to 15. However, some activists say the number could be as high as 20.[102] The largest demonstration yet occurred in Hama, where an estimated 200,000 people participated. Approximately 15,000 people protested on the highway linking Damascus to Aleppo. The Damascus suburb of Zabadani had major protests for the first time as well. Other cities in which demonstrations occurred included Homs, Daraa, Latakia, Qamishli Amouda, Al-Kisweh, Al-Quasyr, and others. The Syrian government set up camps and road blocks on the roads nearby Aleppo, fearing any possible exodus from there. The European Union expanded sanctions on Syria.[103][104]
25 June
The death toll of Friday's protests had risen to 18. The Syrian army entered villages in Syria's far north, where villagers fled into Turkey in anticipation of their arrival. By putting troops at the border, it was seen internationally as a veiled threat against Turkey.[105]
29 June
As protests continued, the Syrian army continued to enter and attack villages in the Idlib province, killing four people in the village of Rameh. The Syrian army also moved in on Marayn, Ihsim, Barshoun, and al-Bara.[106]
30 June – "Aleppo volcano"
There were demonstrations across
July 2011
1 July – "Friday of Departure"
Major protests were seen across the country, in the largest demonstrations to date. Over half a million people were said to have joined the demonstration in Hama, making it the largest single rally so far. Tens of thousands elsewhere protested as well, such as in Homs.[109] An estimated 10,000 people took to the streets in Aleppo before the protest was crushed by security forces. It was the biggest protest seen in Aleppo up to that point.[110] 6,000 people took to the streets in Hajar al-Aswad in Damascus.[111] There was also a pro-Assad rally outside of the Syrian embassy in Amman, Jordan.[112] 28 people have been killed in the protests, most of them in Idlib.[113]
2 July
A funeral was held in
The Syrian government has sent military reinforcements to the international road Damascus – Aleppo, heading north. Columns of tanks were seen on the road to Hama – Aleppo, near Khan Shaykhun in Idlib.[116][117]
3 July
Government tanks and troops began deploying around Hama, with reports of gunfire and mass arrests taking place in the city.[118] Anti-Assad demonstrations continued in Damascus and its countryside, with two protesters killed by police in the suburb of Hajar al-Aswad.[119]
5 July
Dozens of people were arrested in Damascus, and the Syrian army killed 11 people in Hama.[120]
6 July
7 July
Another Friday of protests are planned, this time dubbed Friday of No Dialogue, an attempt by the opposition to emphasize that they do not believe the Syrian government is capable of reform, and that dialogue is in vain due to the high number of protester deaths. The death toll from the Hama crackdown has risen to 22.[122]
8 July – "Friday of No Dialogue"
In the presence of the French and United States ambassadors to Syria, a demonstration was held in Al-Assy Square in Hama, with an estimated 500,000 protesters. According to activists, it was the single largest rally of the uprising thus far. There were also demonstrations in Damascus and its countryside, Homs, Idlib, Deir Al-Zour, Latakia, Qamishli and Deraa. For the first time the unrest spread to the centre of the capital city of Damascus where security services were filmed firing at protesters at close range, according to unverified footage. The opposition reported 13 people killed during Friday's protests, and over 40 people are reported to have been wounded.[123][124][125]
10 July
The Syrian army launched a raid in Homs, killing at least one person.[126] The American and French diplomats who participated in Friday's protests were summoned to the Syrian Foreign Ministry.[127] In Demas outside of Damascus, Syrian officials formally opened what they described as a national dialogue aimed at a transition to a multiparty democracy. Opposition leaders boycotted the event, saying it is a sham to mask the government's crackdown on protesters, and that they will not participate without an end to the crackdown.[127]
11 July
Supporters of President al-Assad attacked the embassies of France and the United States in Damascus. According to a US embassy official, there had been physical damage done, but no one was injured. The official also said that the authorities had been slow to respond despite assurances from the Syrian government that the embassy would be given adequate protection. At the French embassy, guards fired into the air to disperse a crowd.[128]
Robert Stephen Ford, the US ambassador to Syria criticized the government on the embassy's Facebook page, stating "On 9 July, a 'mnhebak' group threw rocks at our embassy, causing some damage. They resorted to violence, unlike the people in Hama, who have stayed peaceful... and how ironic that the Syrian Government lets an anti-US demonstration proceed freely while their security thugs beat down olive branch-carrying peaceful protesters elsewhere."[129]
US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton condemned both the attacks and the incumbent government, stating that al-Assad had "lost legitimacy," and that "President Assad is not indispensable and we have absolutely nothing invested in him remaining in power."[130]
13 July
Four villagers were killed by the Syrian army in the village of Jabal al Zawiya.[131]
14 July
Security forces killed 8 protesters in Deir al-Zour, amid a wide-scale strike in that town. 2 protesters were also killed in Homs.[132] and 1 in Aleppo.
Activists have called for another Friday of protests, this time dubbed "Friday of Freedom for Hostages", in reference to their demands for the Syrian government to release over 12,000 protesters who were arrested and detained without trial so far.[132]
15 July – "Friday of Freedom for the Hostages"
Mass protests occurred. At least 28 civilians were reported killed by Syrian security forces.[133] The protests were widespread, most notably occurring in Damascus and its countryside, Homs, Qamishli, Daraa, Latakia, Idlib, and Al-Raqqah. 700,000 came out in Martyrs square in Hama, 350,000 in the eastern province of Deir ez-Zor and 20,000 in Aleppo. Syrian communities abroad demonstrated in front of the embassies of their countries.[134]
16 July
In the town of Abu Kamal, on the border with Iraq, five protesters were killed by the Syrian army. A day later, thousands of people took to the streets before the military tried to intervene to suppress the demonstrations. However, they were unsuccessful in doing so as the protesters were larger in size. It was reported that 100 Air Force intelligence agents and the crew of at least four armored vehicles defected to the opposition. Activists also claimed that the protesters managed to capture several tanks, armored vehicles and weapons from the army. The government stated that three soldiers were killed in the clashes.[135] After an agreement was reached between the protesters and the military, some of the seized military vehicles and weapons were handed back.[136]
17 July
During factional fighting between residents of Homs 30 people were killed. At the same time, the army entered some villages in Aleppo's countryside, according to activists on the Internet.[137]
Some soldiers defected with their armoured personnel carriers and joined the protesters, as did at least 100 Air Force personnel in a town near the Iraqi border.[138]
18 July
Continue to the funeral of the martyrs of Qaboun and demonstration in the evening in Harasta and military operations in Homs.
21 July
The Syrian army was sent to Homs where they fired machine guns randomly at anyone in the streets. At least 40 civilians were reported killed. The Syrian army also conducted arrests and raids.[139][140]
Activists have called for another Friday of protests, this time dubbed Friday of Khaled bin al-Walid, after a Muslim military commander from the Middle Ages who is buried in Homs.[140]
22 July – "Friday of Khalid ibn al-Walid grandsons"
Mass protests occurred, with at least 450,000 protesters in Deir Ezzour, and 650,000 in Hama. Tens of thousands protested in other cities as well, the Kurdish Northeast, Daraa, the Syrian coast, Aleppo and Homs. The Syrian army was sent into the central area of Damascus where they conducted arrests and prevented anyone from rallying.[141] A total of 8 people were killed by the Syrian army most of them in Aleppo on Friday.[142]
23 July
Many demonstrations took place in front of Syrian embassies abroad to denounce the suppression of peaceful protesters by the authorities.
26 July
As protests continued, the Syrian army raided the Damascus suburb of
28 July
Security forces swept through Damascus's neighborhoods again, killing four people and conducting mass arrests.[144] Activists called for mass Friday protests under the name of "Your Silence is Killing Us" in an attempt to encourage the silent majority of Syria's population to take sides with the anti-Assad demonstrators.[143]
29 July – "Friday of 'Your Silence Is Killing Us'"
Massive protests ensued as security forces unleashed expansive crackdowns. 20 protesters were killed throughout Syria, most notably in Deir ez-Zor, where the government tried to stop mass gatherings. The Syrian army was sent into the city with tanks and fired on protesters with live ammunition, while Daraa and Latakia also witnessed protester deaths. Other places where protesting occurred included Hama, Homs, Qamishli, and Aleppo. The Syrian army conducted mass arrests in the capital, Damascus. The Syrian army's brutal response was one of heaviest since June.[145] A colonel in the Syrian Army claimed he had defected to the opposition along with "hundreds" of other military personnel in the city of Deir ez-Zor, and called his group the Free Syrian Army.[146] The largest protest of the uprising occurred on this day in Hama's Asi Square, with nearly 1 million participating,[147]
31 July
On what appeared to be the bloodiest day of the uprising to date, at least 136 were killed across the country as Syrian tanks, snipers, and troops stormed
August 2011
3 August
Following increased violence in the preceding days, the United Nations Security Council for the first time condemned the human rights violations against the Syrian protesters.[149] 45 people were killed in Hama on 3 August.[150]
4 August
Assad issued a decree authorizing the formation of multiple political parties in Syria, as well as election reforms aimed at pleasing protesters.[151][152] Even as he did this, the Hama crackdown intensified, leaving now over 200 dead in Hama since 31 July. Hama is now enduring a widespread power outage as well as a blockade of basic food and medical supplies. The Syrian opposition intends for another Friday of mass protests dubbed "The Friday of God is with Us".[153][154]
5 August – "Friday of 'God is With Us'"
Mass protests occurred for Friday protests, including 30,000 in Deir Ezzour. Hama was totally suppressed, making it difficult for people to rally there. Citizens in Qamishli, Aleppo, Deraa, Homs, suburban and central Damascus went out to protest in solidarity with Hama. 24 civilians were killed by security forces, including 5 in Damascus.[155]
6 August
The Syrian army entered Homs and Deir Ezzour with tanks in an attempt to stop people from rallying.
7 August
Over 70 people were killed in Syria, according to local human rights groups. Over 50 were killed in Deir Ezzour alone. Dozens were arrested, and use of mortars and tanks to shell neighborhoods was also reported. The Arab League condemned the actions of the Syrian government for the first time.[157]
8 August
Just after midnight, King
9 August
An opposition group reported Syrian forces were attacking
Opposition websites claimed that former Syrian defense minister Ali Habib Mahmud was found dead in his home. A spokesman for the Syrian government initially claimed he had died of "a disease", while the opposition accused the Syrian government of executing him. According to the opposition, Ali Habib started refusing to send in the army into cities because he feared increasing defections, and for that he was killed.[168][169] However, he appeared on Syrian state TV hours after his supposed death to deny that he was fired or killed, saying he resigned due to illness.[170]
Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu met with President Bashar al-Assad for over two hours and spoke with other Syrian officials for four more hours in total before departing Syria without making a statement. Assad reportedly told Davutoğlu during the meeting that his government "will not relent in pursuing the terrorist groups in order to protect the stability of the country and the security of the citizens" but said he was still committed to making reforms.[171] Upon returning to Turkey, Davutoğlu said his government will continue relations with Damascus, but said he had urged Assad to take "concrete steps" to end the violence without answering whether Assad had agreed to do so.[172] Meanwhile, Egypt sharply criticized the Syrian government for promising reforms while continuing violence, with Foreign Minister Mohamed Kamel Amr calling such reforms "of no use". Amr demanded an end to the crackdown and said Assad and the Syrian populace should engage in a comprehensive national dialogue.[173]
In a retaliatory cyberattack for the hacking of the Ministry of Defence website, a website set up by Anonymous was hacked by supporters of the Syrian government, who placed photos of burned bodies and a message claiming the victims were Syrian soldiers and civilians killed by members of the Muslim Brotherhood on the page.[174]
10 August
The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights claimed one dead and 13 wounded by army operations, backed by one dozen armoured vehicles, in the northwestern towns of Sarmin and
Syrian Ambassador to the United Nations Bashar Jaafari compared the situation in Syria to the ongoing English riots and said that just as in the United Kingdom and other countries, the Syrian government was democratically elected and not a "regime". The UK's representative sharply rebuked Jaafari's argument, saying, "In Syria, you have a situation where thousands of unarmed civilians are being attacked and many of them killed. That comparison made by the Syrian ambassador is ludicrous."[179]
In a step The New York Times deemed previously unthinkable, 41 former Ba'ath and current government officials announced an initiative for political transition, and urged an end to the military crackdown on protestors. They were led by Mohammed Salman, a former minister of information with intimate ties to the Assads.[180]
11 August
A resident of
More mass Friday protests are planned by the Syrian opposition, this time under the title "Friday of 'We will not bow except for God'".[182]
12 August – "Friday of 'We Won't Kneel Except to God'"
Mass protests continued as twenty-three
13 August
The Syrian army entered
14 August
The LCC said that even as the army's artillery assault continued, the Syrian Navy was firing on Latakia with gunboats off the Mediterranean coast, killing at least 28, according to the Syrian Revolution Coordinators Union.[191] Eight more civilians were killed elsewhere in the country, bringing the day's death toll to a minimum of 36, human rights activists and pro-democracy campaigners said. Syrian state news claimed two police and six armed criminals were killed in Latakia.[164]
15 August
Four to six more civilians were reportedly killed in Latakia as the
16 August
17 August
The Syrian government claimed it withdrew from Latakia and Deir ez-Zor, but Davutoğlu disputed this, saying Syrian troops remained in Deir ez-Zor and other centres of protest.
18 August
The governments of Canada,
New massive protests are planned for Friday, this time under the title Friday of Beginnings of Victory.[208]
19 August – "Friday of Beginnings of Victory"
At least 23 people were allegedly killed across Syria, with 15 killed in
20 August
The death toll from the previous day rose to 34, and the Syrian army renewed a siege on Homs with army tanks, firing at the local population to keep them from rallying.[210]
21 August
In a media interview, Assad claimed he wanted to pursue reforms and pursue "terrorists". Assad warned against foreign intervention. Two people died in Hama when Shabbiha randomly opened fire on civilians in the street. The Syrian opposition gathered in Syria for talks on creating a rival government.[211]
22 August
As protests continued, the UN said the protester death toll had reached 2,200. The United Nations Human Rights Council voted to launch an investigation into crimes against humanity committed by the Syrian government, despite objections by Russia and the People's Republic of China.[212] A UN team visited Homs to assess the humanitarian situation there and investigate claims of human rights abuses by Syrian authorities. Shortly after its departure, security forces reportedly opened fire on demonstrators in the city, leaving at least four dead, Human Rights Watch said.[213]
23 August
In Istanbul, Turkey, the National Council of Syria was announced to "represent the concerns and demands of the Syrian people".[214] In Geneva, Switzerland, the United Nations Human Rights Council voted to condemn the Syrian government over its response to the uprising.[215] At least 12 were killed in Idlib, Hama, and Homs governorates, the Arab Organization for Human Rights claimed.[216]
24 August
Despite the National Council's stated purpose in uniting all Syrian opposition groups, a
25 August
Prominent political cartoonist
26 August – "Friday of Patience and Steadfastness"
On the last Friday of
27 August
Before dawn, protests erupted in Damascus, both in the suburbs and in the city centre. Multiple witnesses reported that a mosque was stormed in
28 August
London-based daily
29 August
One person was reported killed in a dawn raid on Qara, a suburb of the capital, while five were said to have been killed and at least 60 injured in Sarmin, including a child, when security forces opened fire while conducting house-to-house searches. Five were wounded in Hit, Syria, near the Lebanese border, witnesses said. The crackdown in Hit reportedly prompted at least several dozen Syrians to flee into northern Lebanon.[233] An activist in Homs told Bloomberg News that at least 15 people were killed and 400 injured as Syrian forces again laid siege to the city, though this number could not be confirmed.[234] AFP reported, quoting an anonymous diplomat, that the EU had agreed "in principle" on a ban on importing Syrian oil, likely to be implemented by the end of the week.[235] After Russia's envoy met with Assad, Moscow indicated "no change" in its stance of calling for reforms in Syria but opposing sanctions or other forms of international action.[233] In Rastan, there were reports of dozens of conscripted soldiers of the Syrian army defecting to the opposition, where heavy gunfire and power outages were being reported, and a large armoured force surrounded the city.[236]
30 August
On the first day of
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External links
- Timeline: Syria unrest, Ahram Online
- Timeline of the Syrian civil war collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Live updates on Syria’s uprising at NOW Lebanon
- Syria protests (2011) collected coverage at The New York Times