St Bees
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2022) |
St Bees | ||
---|---|---|
Shire county | ||
Region | ||
Country | England | |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom | |
Post town | ST. BEES | |
Postcode district | CA27 | |
Dialling code | 01946 | |
Police | Cumbria | |
Fire | Cumbria | |
Ambulance | North West | |
UK Parliament | ||
St Bees is a coastal village,
.Within the parish is
St Bees is a popular holiday destination due to the coastline and proximity to the Western
Early history
Evidence of Mesolithic and Bronze Age habitation has been found in St Bees,[4] but nothing of the Roman occupation, even though St Bees Head would have been a prominent observation point. The name St Bees is a corruption of the Norse name for the village, which is given in the earliest charter of the Priory as "Kyrkeby becok", which can be translated as the "Church town of Bega",[5] relating to the local Saint Bega.[6] She was said to be an Irish princess who fled across the Irish Sea in the ninth century to St Bees to avoid an enforced marriage. Carved stones at the priory show that Irish-Norse Vikings settled here in the tenth century.
The Normans did not reach Cumberland until 1092, and when they took over the local lordships, William Meschin, Lord of Egremont, used the existing religious site[7] to found a Benedictine priory for a prior and six monks sometime between 1120 and 1135. The priory was subordinate to the great Benedictine monastery of St Mary at York. The magnificent Norman doorway of the priory dates from just after this time; probably about 1150.
The
The priory was closed during the
Remarkably, the small village of St Bees produced two of the
In about 1519
Modern growth
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The site of the priory is an area of firm ground higher than the peat beds that fill the valley, and due to the absence of level ground it is logical that the original settlement would grow up there. However the area was constricted, and as the village expanded it grew up on the opposite side of the valley. The oldest existing house dates from the early 16th century and the present Main Street was based on a string of farms and farmworkers' dwellings.
The 19th century saw the start of great changes. In 1816 St Bees Theological College was founded, and proved popular as it was first for the training of Church of England clergy outside Oxford and Cambridge. To house the college, the monastic chancel of the Priory was re-roofed and served as the main lecture room, and additional lecture rooms were built in the 1860s. At one time the college had 100 students, and over 2,600 clergy were trained before it closed in 1895.[11]
St Bees School embarked on an era of rapid expansion starting with the construction of the quadrangle in 1846 using compensation from the rich mine-owning Lowther family. They had illegally obtained the lucrative mineral rights for Whitehaven from the School in 1742 at a derisory sum.[12] This was the first step in St. Bees School's rise from a local institution to becoming one of the new "public schools" on the fashionable model of Dr Arnold's Rugby School. By 1916 numbers had reached 350, many new buildings had been erected, and the school had become known nationally. The school was forced to close in 2015 because of financial struggles but re-opened a couple of years later. The closure of the school made many teachers and members of the community to leave the village, such as Reverend Clifford Swartz, the former Vicar of the local Protestant church and chaplain of St Bees School.
Perhaps some of the greatest changes were after 1849 when the Furness Railway reached the village. St Bees attracted the professional classes which commuted to Whitehaven or Workington. This led to the building of many of the larger houses and Lonsdale Terrace. The railway brought tourists, and as early as 1851 the Lord Mayor of London stayed at the Seacote Hotel. This long history of attracting tourists for "bucket and spade" holidays has continued to this day.
The railway made possible the export of St Bees sandstone. Huge amounts of stone were quarried, much of it for building the boom town of Barrow-in-Furness. This industry died out in the 1970s, but has since been revived, and there are now two working quarries in the parish.
Agriculture was originally the mainstay of the village economy. Gradually, during the 19th century, service employment for the school and lodgings for the college gave additional income, and with the advent of commuters, the village's social mix was becoming more middle class. Tourism and quarries also provided employment, and many village men found work in the iron ore mines at Cleator. Thus the 19th century saw the change from a rural backwater based on agriculture, to the more diversified role of a dormitory village for professional and industrial worker alike, and its growth into a minor academic centre.
The start of the 20th century saw yet another decline in agriculture, and this has continued to today, when there are only a few farms left. Industrial decline also hit West Cumbria as a whole, particularly after the boom years of both
The last two decades have seen a significant revival in tourism, boosted by the Coast to Coast walk and increasing recognition of the unique landscape of the St Bees Heritage Coast.
In 2014, it was rated one of the most attractive
St Bees Man
In 1981 an archaeological excavation at the priory revealed a vault with a lead coffin containing an astonishingly well preserved body – now known as the St Bees Man. He has been identified as Anthony de Lucy,[15] a knight, who died in 1368 in the Teutonic Crusades in Lithuania. Although the body was over six hundred years old, his nails, skin and stomach contents were found to be in near-perfect condition.[16] After his death the vault was enlarged to take the body of his sister, Maud de Lucy, who died in 1398. Effigies of Maud and Anthony can be seen in an extensive history display which includes the shroud in which he was wrapped.[citation needed]
Governance
St Bees is within the Copeland UK Parliamentary constituency. Trudy Harrison is the Member of parliament.
Before Brexit, it was in the North West England European Parliamentary Constituency.
Transport links
The village is served by
The village is on the B5345 from Whitehaven to Iron Bridge junction near Beckermet.
Sport and recreation
The village has a football team which competes in the Cumbria County league.
There are facilities for rugby, football and cricket at the Adams recreation ground adjacent to the Seacote beach. This playing field was created in memory of Baron Adams of Ennerdale. The sports facilities of St Bees School are also available, which include a sports hall, squash, tennis and fives courts, and an indoor swimming pool.
Coast-based recreational activities at St Bees are: windsurfing, kite-surfing, rock climbing, bouldering, swimming, jet-skiing, water-skiing, canoeing and para-gliding. These are undertaken on St Bees Head and off the large sandy surf beach.
The circular walk to St Bees Head and Birkhams quarry featured in the May 2012 booklet of the best coastal walks in UK published by the Daily Telegraph newspaper; it being one of only two walks covered in the north west of England.
Wainwright Coast to Coast walk
St Bees is the start of the Wainwright Coast to Coast Walk, which was devised by Alfred Wainwright in 1973. It is an 192-mile (309 km)[17] unofficial and mostly unsignposted long-distance footpath in Northern England.[citation needed]
As planned by Alfred Wainwright, it passes through three contrasting
Gallery
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St Bees promenade and bay looking south
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St Bees: 19th-century railway station and 16th-century road bridge
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Mid Main Street
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St George and the Dragon war memorial
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Archbishop Edmund Grindal's birthplace, Cross Hill
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Main Street looking north from Cross Hill
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St Bees South Head at sunset
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Village history display at the priory
St Bees Beach
See also
References
- ^ "Ward/Parish population 2011". Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ^ "St Bees Parish Council Website". St Bees Parish Council. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
- ^ "Copeland Borough Council Website". Copeland Borough Council. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
- ^ Prehistoric habitation sites in West Cumbria Part 1 -, The St Bees area and north to the Solway- J and PJ Cherry, Transactions of Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Vol LXXXIII 1983.
- ^ Liber 1, para i, The Register of the Priory of St Bees, Rev J Wilson, 1915, Published by the Surtees Society.
- ^ "St Bega – Cult, Fact and Legend", John M Todd, Transactions of Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society 1980 – Volume LXXX.
- ^ "The pre-Conquest Church in St Bees, Cumbria: a possible minster?", John M Todd, Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and archaeological Society, 2003
- ^ Pollard, Albert Frederick (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). pp. 604–605.
- ISBN 0-224-01703-9
- ^ Archbishop Grindal's birthplace; Cross Hill, St Bees, Cumbria. By John M Todd and Mary Todd. Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, Vol XCIX, 1999.
- ISBN 0-9508325-1-0
- ^ "The Headmaster, The Provost, and the Earl; The affair of the St Bees School mineral lease, 1812–1817, John M Todd. Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, Vol LXXXIII, 1983
- ISBN 0-9526990-0-1
- ^ "UK's 'most desirable' postcodes revealed". BBC News. 24 August 2014.
- ^ C J Knusel et al – The identity of the St Bees lady, Cumbria: An osteobiographical approach. Medieval Archaeology vol 54, 2010.
- ^ Text of lecture given by John M Todd at the Post Graduate Seminar on Medieval history, Lancaster University, Sept 1987, and later at Oxford, Copenhagen and St Andrews universities
- ^ "distance calculated from GPS waypoints". Saturday Walkers Club. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
External links
- Cumbria County History Trust: St. Bees (nb: provisional research only – see Talk page)
- St Bees village web site home page
- St.Bees on Google Maps
- St Bees Parish Council home page
- St Bees Head Bird Reserve