Starrett City
Starrett City Spring Creek Towers | |
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UTC−4 (EDT) | |
ZIP Codes | 11239 |
Area code(s) | 718, 347, 929, and 917[2] |
Starrett City (formally known as the Spring Creek Towers) is a housing development in the Spring Creek section of East New York, in Brooklyn, New York City. It is located on a peninsula on the north shore of Jamaica Bay, bounded by Fresh Creek to the west and Hendrix Creek to the east. Starrett City contains both residential and commercial buildings. The residential portion of the property contains eight "sections" in a towers in the park layout. The complex also contains a community and recreation center, as well as two schools.
Plans for developing the site of Starrett City date to 1962, when an investment group bought the property with the intention of developing a residential complex called Park Shore Village. The group ultimately withdrew from the project, and another
Starrett City is part of Brooklyn Community District 5, and its primary ZIP Code is 11239.[1] It is patrolled by the 75th Precinct of the New York City Police Department.[3] Politically it is represented by the New York City Council's 42nd District.[4]
Description
The Spring Creek Towers site (commonly known as Starrett City[5]) is located on a peninsula on the north shore of Jamaica Bay, bounded by Fresh Creek to the west and Hendrix Creek to the east. The development is bound to the north by Flatlands Avenue and to the south by Seaview Avenue and the Shore Parkway section of the Belt Parkway system. Pennsylvania Avenue runs north-to-south through the complex, with Louisiana Avenue at the west end and Van Siclen Avenue at the east end.[6]
The development originally spanned 153 acres (0.62 km2)[6] before being subdivided in 2009 as part of a refinancing. It now occupies 140 acres (57 ha), after several parcels of undeveloped land were separated out from the residential site.[7] The housing development contains 5,881 apartment units in 46 buildings, which range from 11 to 20 stories high.[8][9]: 2–3
The development was designed by
Starrett City has its own power plant, the Starrett City Cogeneration Facility, located at 165 Elmira Loop on the east side of Starrett City.
At the southeast corner of the complex on Van Siclen Avenue is the complex's community and recreation center, which opened in 1978
Public safety
Starrett City is patrolled by the New York City Police Department's 75th Precinct,[3] though primary security is assumed by its own private security force, called the Spring Creek Towers Department of Public Safety. The Spring Creek Towers security force was created because, when Starrett City opened in the 1970s, the 75th Precinct had one of the highest crime rates in New York City.[11]: 56 In the five years after Starrett City opened, it had one of the city's lowest crime rates, mainly because of the existence of the security force.[15] The Spring Creek Towers Department of Public Safety has been used as a case study in the advantages of private security over public policing. Edwin Donovan and William Walsh write that "Statistically, Starrett City must be considered one of the safest communities in the United States."[28]
The Spring Creek Towers Department of Public Safety employs public safety officers, armed while on duty, to preserve the life and property of the residents of the complex. Officers enforce New York state laws as well as New York City laws. Starrett City is patrolled by officers 24 hours a day on foot, bicycles, or in vehicles.[29]
Ownership and management
The complex is owned by Starrett City Associates, which was originally headed by Disque Deane.[16] Former U.S. president Donald Trump owns four percent of the complex, inherited from his father, Fred Trump. Between January 2016 and April 15, 2017, Trump received more than $5 million in revenue from Starrett City.[16][30]
Education
There are no high schools within Starrett City; the nearest high schools are the Academy for Young Writers and Spring Creek Community School (within the Spring Creek Educational Campus) just east on Flatlands Avenue, and the William H. Maxwell Vocational High School and Thomas Jefferson Educational Campus (formerly Thomas Jefferson High School) on Pennsylvania Avenue in the northern portions of East New York. Additionally, the Canarsie and South Shore Campuses (also formerly high schools) are located in the adjacent Canarsie neighborhood.[31] There are four elementary and middle schools within Starrett City's boundaries:
- Abe Stark Elementary School (PS 346)[32]
- Gateway Intermediate School (IS 364)[33]
- Frederick Douglass Academy VIII Middle School (located on the 4th floor of PS 346)[34]
- Be'er Hagolah, a Jewish elementary and high school[35]
The Brooklyn Public Library's Spring Creek Branch is located just outside Starrett City's northern boundary, at the northwest corner of Flatlands and New Jersey Avenues. The single-story, 7,500 square feet (700 m2) structure opened in 1977.[36]
Transportation
When it opened, Starrett City was advertised as having convenient transportation links to the rest of the city via bus and subway.
History
Development
In 1962, a
In March 1964, the investment group applied to the New York State Housing Finance Agency for a mortgage worth $145 million towards the development. At the time, the site was referred to as part of Canarsie.[39] On December 1, 1964, the State Housing Finance Agency announced a project called Park Shore Village, which would construct a middle-income apartment complex on the site.[40]
The complex would consist of 19 buildings standing 11, 17 and 21 stories high. It would also include a 40-acre (16 ha) shopping center, community center, swimming pools, and a skating rink, along with a new elementary school (PS 346) and parking for residents. Funds would be provided by loans under the
On June 27, 1967, Governor Nelson Rockefeller announced modified version of the project called Twin Pines Village, which would construct a cooperative on the 145-acre (59 ha) site in what was then part of Canarsie. The development would house 6,000 families.[45][46] The project was now sponsored by the United Housing Foundation (UHF), who were also developing Co-op City.[44][45][11]
Twin Pines would consist of 43 buildings, rising 11, 15, or 21 stories. Like the Park Shore plan, the development would also contain a shopping complex, community center and schools, and would sit across a portion of present-day Spring Creek Park which was then being developed as the Fountain Avenue Landfill [45][47][48] (which has now been re-developed as Shirley Chisholm State Park). It was proclaimed as the "largest co-op ever built in Brooklyn",[47] and would be the second largest in the city behind Co-op City,[49] with a size comparable to that of Rochdale Village.[46] In December 1967, the state gave the UHF $15.8 million to start construction on the Twin Pines Village complex.[50]
The UHF abandoned the project in March 1971 after running out of money. At the time, construction had begun at the north end of the complex.
Construction resumed in mid-1972,
Opening and early years
The complex was dedicated on October 13, 1974, in a ceremony attended by Governor
In January 1975, community leaders and officials proposed rerouting five bus routes and creating two new routes to serve the complex.[55] Pennsylvania Avenue was reopened to traffic that December, sparking protests by residents who had previously used the street to play.[52] By 1976, two thousand families had moved into Starrett City.[56] A swimming and tennis club on Van Siclen Avenue was dedicated in July 1978.[24] Families who lived in the complex had to pay $250 per year to use the swimming and tennis club.[44] The swimming and tennis club was dedicated alongside a recreation center at the same location, which was open to the public.[24] The same month, Starrett City celebrated its five thousandth resident.[24] At this point, Starrett City was 85 percent rented.[57] By 1981, the presence of Starrett City was credited with spurring six other developments in the neighborhood, including a shopping mall at Flatlands and Louisiana Avenues, as well as five housing developments.[58]
Crime in the complex was lower than in the surrounding neighborhoods, primarily because of the presence of a private security force. On the other hand, rents at Starrett City started to rise by the late 1970s, leading to fears that existing middle-class residents might leave and be replaced by low-income residents.
The complex was renamed "Starrett at Spring Creek" around 1989.[63] On September 25, 2002, the complex was again renamed "Spring Creek Towers".[64] The second renaming was part of a $70 million capital program to renovate the complex. The plans called for Spring Creek Towers to receive two new parks, as well as new elevators, laundry rooms, windows, and lighting.[65]
Sale offerings
On November 30, 2006, Starrett City Associates announced an offering to sell the entire property. Since the property had met its 20-year requirement under Mitchell-Lama by the late 1990s, this raised fears that a new owner would increase rents and squeeze out current tenants.
Upon finding out about the sale, tenants at Starrett City began organizing in response to the sale of their homes. On February 8, 2007, Starrett City Associates agreed to sell the sprawling complex to
In June 2008, Starrett City Associates reached an agreement with Federal, State and City officials on a sale process that would ensure that the property remained affordable. This agreement was further buttressed by federal legislation, which made preserving the property as affordable housing easier for a new buyer.[76]
In September 2017, The New York Times reported that the complex was being sold to the Brooksville Company and Rockpoint Group for $850 million. At the time, Donald Trump owned a 4 percent share, while other members of his family owned an additional 16 percent.[16] However, disagreements soon developed between two groups affiliated with Disque Deane, who had died in 2010 and left his estate to his third wife Carol G. Deane and their two children. Carol, who managed Starrett City Associates following Disque's death. became involved in a lawsuit with a collective that included four of Disque's children; one of his former partners; and LIHC Investment Group and Belveron Partners, who were also interested in purchasing the complex. The two groups sued each other in New York Supreme Court over allegations that Carol's sale of Starrett City to Brooksville and Rockpoint did not maximize profits for shareholders.[77] The lawsuit was later dismissed,[78] and the sale of Starrett City was finalized on May 8, 2018, at a cost of $905 million.[79][80] A group of anonymous investors sold a 71 percent stake to Brooksville and Rockpoint for $1.8 billion in August 2021.[81][82] The next month, Brooksville and Rockpoint acquired full ownership of the complex after acquiring Belveron Partners' 13 percent stake.[83]
Community and demographics
Starrett City is a racially diverse neighborhood.
2020 Census
As of the
Racial quota controversies
Since its opening in 1974, Starrett City filled vacancies under an alleged affirmative action racial formula in which 70 percent of vacant apartments went to non-Hispanic white families, and the remaining 30 percent went to minority families.[84][90][56] In 1977, the minority makeup was 19 percent black, 9 percent Hispanic, and 2 percent Asian.[56] By 1979, the proportion of white residents had declined to 64%. At the time, most of the advertisements for Starrett City featured white applicants, but much of the resulting applicant pool was black or Hispanic.[15] As a result of the quotas, black applicants who wanted apartments in Starrett City waited almost eight times as long as white applicants.[11]: 55 By 1983, the complex's 5,881 apartments were fully occupied, and three-fourths of the 6,000 families on Starrett City's waiting list were minorities.[91][92]
In 1979, the NAACP initiated a class-action suit against Starrett City Associates.[11]: 56 The plaintiffs stated that the complex attempted to maintain racial quotas by selective approval of tenants based on racial and ethnic profiles.[92][93] An agreement was made in May 1984.[94] Starrett City Associates agreed to increase the minority quota by 5 percent, so that the ratio of non-Hispanic white to minority families was 65 to 35 percent.[11]: 56 [95] The formula was supported by many black and Hispanic residents and some civil rights groups.[96]
In June 1984, the
The group agreed to stop using quotas in November 1988.
New York State instead housed the Soviet Jewish families in Co-op City, a similar development in the Bronx.[107]
See also
- Cooperative Village
- LeFrak City
- Marcus Garvey Village
- Parkchester, Bronx
- Parkfairfax, Virginia
- Parkmerced, San Francisco
- Park La Brea, Los Angeles
- Penn South
- Riverton Houses
References
Notes
Citations
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External links
- Timeline of Starrett City Auction
- Genevro, Rosalie (November 16, 2011). "Starrett City: A Home of One's Own—with Party Walls". Urban Omnibus.