State cessions
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The state cessions are those areas of the United States that the separate states ceded to the federal government in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The cession of these lands, which for the most part lay between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, was key to establishing a harmonious union among the former British colonies.
The areas ceded comprise 236,825,600 acres (370,040.0 sq mi; 958,399 km2), or 10.4 percent of current
Background
Most of the
By the time of the American Revolution, the boundaries between the Thirteen Colonies that became the United States had been for the most part surveyed and agreed upon. Their land claims also corresponded in varying degrees to the actual reality on the ground in the west at the eve of the Revolution. Kentucky, for instance, was organized into a county of Virginia in 1776, with Virginia serving as practical sovereign over the area until its admission into the Union as a separate state in 1792. Massachusetts' claims to land in modern-day Michigan and Wisconsin,[2] by contrast, amounted to little more than lines drawn on a map.
The Treaty of Paris (1763) that ended the war known as the French and Indian War in North America had France cede most of its claims to land on the continent to Great Britain and Spain.[3][4] Great Britain, gaining the eastern half of France's southern lands, extended the claims of its colonies of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia to the Mississippi River; in some cases, this reinforced earlier charter claims.
The resolution of the claims
The Treaty of Paris (1783) that ended the American Revolution established American sovereignty over the land between the Appalachians and the Mississippi; the jobs of determining how that land should be governed, and how the conflicting claims to it by several of the states should be resolved, were one of the first major tasks facing the new nation.
The potential for trouble arising from these claims was twofold. One problem was obvious: in many cases more than one state laid claim to the same piece of territory, but clearly only one would be ultimately recognized as the sovereign. The other conflict also threatened the peace of the new union. Only seven of the thirteen states had western land claims, and the other, "landless" states were fearful of being overwhelmed by states that controlled vast stretches of the new frontier. Virginia in particular, which already encompassed 1 in 5 inhabitants of the new nation, laid claim to modern-day Kentucky, and the vast territory it called
In the end, most of the trans-Appalachian land claims were ceded to the Federal government between 1781 and 1787; New York, New Hampshire, and the hitherto unrecognized Vermont government resolved their squabbles by 1791, and Kentucky was separated from Virginia and made into a new state in 1792. The cessions were not entirely selfless—in some cases the cessions were made in exchange for federal assumption of the states' Revolutionary War debts—but the states' reasonably graceful cessions of their oft-conflicting claims prevented early, perhaps catastrophic, rifts among the states of the young Republic, and assuaged the fears of the "landless" states enough to convince them to ratify the new
Georgia held on to its claims over trans-Appalachian land for another decade, and this claim was complicated by the fact that much of the land was also disputed between the United States and Spain. When Georgia finally sold the land west of its current boundaries to the United States for cash in 1802, the last phase of western cessions was complete.
Details of the cessions
States with land claims
| State | Date ceded | Date accepted | Claims and cessions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Connecticut | May 11, 1786 | May 28, 1786 | Ceded a swath between present north and south border-latitudes west to the Mississippi River, across present-day Pennsylvania (notably the Wyoming Valley disputed in the Pennamite–Yankee War), Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois, except for a portion south of Lake Erie. Sovereignty over this "Western Reserve" was ceded to the federal government in 1800. |
| Georgia | April 24, 1802 | June 16, 1802 | Ceded the "Yazoo lands", between 35th parallel and 31st parallel of latitude west to the Mississippi River, across present-day Alabama and Mississippi. Unique among the cessions, Georgia charged the federal government $1.25 million for this land, which it apparently paid. |
| Massachusetts | November 13, 1784 | April 19, 1785 | Ceded a swath between present north and south border-latitudes west, across present-day New York, Michigan and Wisconsin, to which it was entitled by its interpretation of its original sea-to-sea grant from The British Crown. |
| New York | February 19, 1780 | October 29, 1782 | Ceded claims west of Lake Ontario. New York was allowed to keep the land claimed by it and Massachusetts west of the Preemption Line in 1786, which eventually became Western New York. |
| North Carolina | December 22, 1789 | February 25, 1790 | Ceded its trans-Appalachian State of Tennessee .
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| South Carolina | March 8, 1787 | August 9, 1787 | Ceded a swath, approximately 12 miles (19 km) wide (north–south), west from its northwestern tip to the Mississippi River, across extreme southwest North Carolina, northern Georgia, plus the southern edge of present-day Tennessee, along with the northern edge of present-day Alabama and Mississippi. In a separate agreement, South Carolina and Georgia adjusted their common boundary.[5]
Note that the claim by South Carolina had been for land between the headwaters of the Savannah River and the southern boundary of North Carolina, and thence westward. In fact, however, later and more accurate surveying showed that the headwaters of the Savannah River actually extended into North Carolina. This meant that this strip of land for South Carolina had actually been illusory.
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| Virginia | January 2, 1781 | March 1, 1784 | Ceded its vast claim to District of Columbia; this land was later retroceded back to Virginia .
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States without land claims
| State | Notes |
|---|---|
| Delaware | No land claim farther west. Its western border forms part of the Mason–Dixon line. |
| Maryland | No land claim farther west, but ceded land to the federal government that became part of the District of Columbia (and is now the entirety of it). Maryland's northern border forms part of the Mason–Dixon line.
|
| New Hampshire | Prior to the American Revolution, |
| New Jersey | No land claim farther west. |
| Pennsylvania | Original land grant from King Charles II of England to William Penn was for the land between the 42nd parallel and the 38th parallel in latitude, and extending west five degrees in longitude from the western boundary of New Jersey and northwestern boundary of Delaware. Its southern border forms part of the Mason–Dixon line.
Pennsylvania claimed the portion of land along Lake Erie commonly known as the Erie Triangle; after Massachusetts and Connecticut ceded their claims to it, the Erie Triangle was sold to Pennsylvania by the federal government in 1792. |
| Rhode Island | No land claim farther west. |
Texas
Later in the 19th century, there was one more case of a state ceding some of its land to the federal government. Before the
In addition, the maximalist land claims of the Republic of Texas did not set the northern and western borders of the
In an act of Congress, the Compromise of 1850, Texas ceded its conflicting northern and western territorial claims to the U.S. in return for debt relief, removing its conflicting claims from the U.S. territorial gains of the Mexican–American War. This ceded land eventually became portions of the states of Kansas (1861), Colorado (1876), Wyoming (1890), Oklahoma (1907), and New Mexico (1912).
See also
- Ohio Country
- Illinois Country
- Historic regions of the United States
- Territorial evolution of the United States
- Trans-Appalachia
References
- ^ Table 1.1 Acquisition of the Public Domain 1781–1867
- ^ Thomas Donaldson, The Public Domain, Its History with Statistics, p. 87 (1884)
- ^ "His Most Christian Majesty cedes and guaranties to his said Britannick Majesty, in full right, Canada, with all its dependencies, as well as the island of Cape Breton, and all the other islands and coasts in the gulph and river of St. Lawrence, and in general, every thing that depends on the said countries, lands, islands, and coasts, with the sovereignty, property, possession, and all rights acquired by treaty, or otherwise, which the Most Christian King and the Crown of France have had till now over the said countries, lands, islands, places, coasts, and their inhabitants" – Article IV of the Treaty of Paris (1763) at Wikisource
- ^ " (…) it is agreed, that … the confines between the dominions of his Britannick Majesty and those of his Most Christian Majesty, in that part of the world, shall be fixed irrevocably by a line drawn along the middle of the River Mississippi, from its source to the river Iberville, and from hence, by a line drawn along the middle of this river, and the lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain to the sea; and for this purpose, the Most Christian King cedes in full right, and guaranties to his Britannick Majesty the river and port of Mobile, and every thing which he possesses, or ought to possess, on the left side of the river Mississippi, except the town of New Orleans and the island in which it is situated, which shall remain to France, (…)"— Article VII of the Treaty of Paris (1763) at Wikisource
- ^ Worthington C. Ford; et al., eds. (1904–37). Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. pp. Vol. 33, pp. 466–477.
- ^ Donaldson, (1884), pp. 41–42
Further reading
- Paul Wallace Gates, History of Public Land Law Development, Chapter III State Cessions of Western Land Claims. Public Land Law Review Commission, (1968), Washington D.C.