Stokesosaurus
Stokesosaurus | |
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Holotype UMNH VP 7473 | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Clade: | Dinosauria |
Clade: | Saurischia |
Clade: | Theropoda |
Superfamily: | †Tyrannosauroidea |
Clade: | † Pantyrannosauria
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Family: | † Stokesosauridae
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Genus: | †Stokesosaurus Madsen, 1974 |
Species: | †S. clevelandi
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Binomial name | |
†Stokesosaurus clevelandi Madsen, 1974
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Synonyms | |
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Stokesosaurus (meaning "Stokes' lizard") is a
History
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Stokesosaurus_SIZE.png/220px-Stokesosaurus_SIZE.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png/220px-Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png)
From 1960 onwards Utah
The
In 1976 Peter Malcolm Galton considered Stokesosaurus to be a second species of the British possible early tyrannosauroid Iliosuchus, that he named as Iliosuchus clevelandi.[5] This has found no acceptance among other researchers;[6] in 1980 Galton himself withdrew his opinion.[7]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Stokesosaurus_ilia_01.png/220px-Stokesosaurus_ilia_01.png)
Some later finds were referred to Stokesosaurus. This included some ischia and tail vertebrae in 1991,[8] and a partial braincase in 1998.[9] Another, very small ilium referred to Stokesosaurus, found in South Dakota,[10] is lost but may actually belong to the related Aviatyrannis.[11] More fragmentary remains possibly referable to Stokesosaurus have been recovered from stratigraphic zone 2 of the Morrison Formation, dated to the late Kimmeridgian age, about 152 million years ago.[12][13]
A specimen of an indeterminate Stokesosaurus species that was discovered in the Alcobaça Formation of Guimarota, Portugal was identified and described by Rauhut (2000); [2] this specimen was later named as the new genus Aviatyrannis in 2003.[11]
A second species,
The holotype ilium is 22 centimeters (8.7 in) long, indicating a small individual. Madsen in 1974 estimated that the adult body length was about 4 meters (13 ft).[3] In 2010, Gregory S. Paul estimated the length at 2.5 meters (8 ft 2 in) and the weight at 60 kilograms (130 lb).[15]
Classification
In 1974 Madsen assigned Stokesosaurus to the
Below is a 2013 cladogram by Loewen et al. that places Stokesosaurus and Juratyrant as derived members of Proceratosauridae, due to sharing with Sinotyrannus a narrow preacetabular notch.[16] Many basal tyrannosauroids have incomplete or unknown ilia and this trait may be more widespread than currently known.[14] Various traits support the argument that Sinotyrannus is a proceratosaurid.[16]
Tyrannosauroidea |
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However, a 2016 analysis utilizing both
Paleoecology
Habitat
The Morrison Formation is a sequence of shallow marine and alluvial sediments which, according to
Paleofauna
The Morrison Formation records an environment and time dominated by gigantic sauropod dinosaurs such as
See also
References
- ^ a b Foster, J. (2007). Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. 389pp.
- ^ ISBN 9783931516802.
- ^ a b c d Madsen, J. H. (1974). "A new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Utah". Journal of Paleontology. 48: 27–31.
- ^ K. Carpenter, C.A. Miles, and K.C. Cloward, 2005, "New small theropod from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming", In: K. Carpenter (ed.), The Carnivorous Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington pp. 23-48
- ^ Galton, P. M. (1976). "Iliosuchus, a Jurassic dinosaur from Oxfordshire and Utah". Palaeontology. 19: 587–589.
- ^ S2CID 129921557.
- ^ Galton, P.M.; Powell, H.P. (1980). "The ornithischian dinosaur Camptosaurus prestwichii from the Upper Jurassic of England". Palaeontology. 23: 411–443.
- ^ Britt, B (1991). "Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri". Brigham Young University Geology Studies. 37: 1–72.
- .
- ^ Foster, J.; Chure, D. (2000). "An ilium of a juvenile Stokesosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic: Kimmeridgian), Meade County, South Dakota". Brigham Young University Geology Studies. 45: 5–10.
- ^ S2CID 129946607.
- ^ Turner, C.E. and Peterson, F., (1999). "Biostratigraphy of dinosaurs in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of the Western Interior, U.S.A." Pp. 77–114 in Gillette, D.D. (ed.), Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah. Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication 99-1.
- ^ Foster, J. (2007). "Appendix." Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. pp. 327-329.
- ^ .
- ^ Paul, G.S., 2010, The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Princeton University Press p. 100
- ^ PMID 24223179.
- PMID 26830019.
- ^ Trujillo, K.C.; Chamberlain, K. R.; Strickland, A. (2006). "Oxfordian U/Pb ages from SHRIMP analysis for the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of southeastern Wyoming with implications for biostratigraphic correlations". Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 38 (6): 7.
- ISSN 0026-7775.
- ISBN 978-1-55971-038-1.
- ^ Foster, J. (2007). "Appendix." Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. pp. 327-329.
- ^ Foster, John R. (2003). Paleoecological Analysis of the Vertebrate Fauna of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), Rocky Mountain Region, U.S.A. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 23. Albuquerque, New Mexico: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. p. 29.
- ^ Carpenter, Kenneth (2006). "Biggest of the big: a critical re-evaluation of the mega-sauropod Amphicoelias fragillimus". In Foster, John R.; Lucas, Spencer G. (eds.). Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. Vol. 36. Albuquerque, New Mexico: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. pp. 131–138.