Table of cranial nerves
| Cranial nerves |
|---|
|
| No. | Name | Sensory, motor, or both | Origin/Target | Exited manner | Function[1] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Terminal | ? | Lamina terminalis | Located in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. | Animal research indicates that the terminal nerve is involved in the detection of pheromones.[2] |
| I | Olfactory | Purely sensory | Telencephalon
|
Located in the olfactory foramina in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. | Transmits the sense of smell from the nasal cavity.[3] |
| II | Optic | Sensory | Retinal ganglion cells
|
Located in the optic canal. | Transmits visual signals from the retina of the eye to the brain.[4] |
| III | Oculomotor | Mainly motor | Anterior aspect of Midbrain | Located in the superior orbital fissure. | Innervates the sphincter pupillae and the muscles of the ciliary body.
|
| IV | Trochlear | Motor | Dorsal aspect of Midbrain | Located in the superior orbital fissure. | Innervates the superior oblique muscle, which depresses, abducts, and intorts the eyeball. |
| V | Trigeminal | Both sensory and motor | Pons | Three Parts:
V1 (ophthalmic nerve) is located in the superior orbital fissure V2 (maxillary nerve) is located in the foramen rotundum V3 (mandibular nerve) is located in the foramen ovale. |
Receives sensation from the face, mouth and nasal cavity, and innervates the muscles of mastication. |
| VI | Abducens | Mainly motor | Nuclei lying under the floor of the fourth ventricle | Located in the superior orbital fissure. | Innervates the lateral rectus , which abducts the eye.
|
| VII | Facial | Both sensory and motor | Pons (cerebellopontine angle) above olive | Located in and runs through the internal acoustic canal to the facial canal and exits at the stylomastoid foramen .
|
Provides motor innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and provides secretomotorinnervation to the salivary glands (except parotid) and the lacrimal gland .
|
| VIII | Vestibulocochlear
In older texts: auditory, acoustic. |
Mostly sensory | Lateral to CN VII (cerebellopontine angle) | Located in the internal acoustic canal .
|
Mediates sensation of sound, rotation, and gravity (essential for balance and movement). More specifically, the vestibular branch carries impulses for equilibrium and the cochlear branch carries impulses for hearing. |
| IX | Glossopharyngeal | Both sensory and motor | Medulla | Located in the jugular foramen. | Receives taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, provides secretomotor innervation to the gag reflex .
|
| X | Vagus | Both sensory and motor | Posterolateral sulcus of Medulla | Located in the jugular foramen. | Supplies splenic flexure. Receives the special sense of taste from the epiglottis. A major function: controls muscles for voice and resonance and the soft palate. Symptoms of damage: dysphagia (swallowing problems), velopharyngeal insufficiency. This nerve is involved (together with nerve IX) in the pharyngeal reflex or gag reflex.
|
| XI | Accessory
Sometimes: cranial accessory, spinal accessory. |
Mainly motor | Cranial and Spinal Roots | Located in the jugular foramen. | Controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, and overlaps with functions of the vagus nerve (CN X). Symptoms of damage: inability to shrug, weak head movement.
|
| XII | Hypoglossal | Mainly motor | Medulla | Located in the hypoglossal canal. | Provides motor innervation to the muscles of the tongue (except for the speech articulation .
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