Television in Spain
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Television in Spain was
Until recently terrestrial television was considered an essential public service. Broadcasting is managed both directly by the State and indirectly, through controlled concessions to private companies. The Audiovisual Law of 2010 changed this by defining radio and television as commercial services that individuals pay for, fostering liberalization within some constraints.
History
Analog free-to-air terrestrial black and white television began on 28 October 1956 in Spain. Televisión Española (now
Commercial television was launched on 25 January 1990, when
Through the 1990s and 2000s, more regional channels (most of them public, but some of them private) were launched. A number of them created FORTA, a union of public regional broadcasters. Many local channels were also launched, some of them created the Localia Network. During the 1990s, dozens of local channels started broadcasting without a license. The government declared that channels that proved to be operating for a long time could go on working, but blocked new unlicensed channels.
On 3 April 2010 the analog service was officially discontinued.[5]
Digital terrestrial television
TDT Transition
In the 2000s, the analog national and autonomic channels started
On 30 November 2005, digital terrestrial television was relaunched as a free service with 20 channels and 14 radio stations, along with 23 regional- and local-language channels in their respective areas. Currently about 95% of the population can receive DTT. Each multiplex has a minimum of 4 SD channels each or one HD channel.
Modern free-to-air digital terrestrial television sector
Analog service was discontinued in April 2010. Since then, all national and regional terrestrial channels are digital. Together with the TDT transition and the process of absorption of channels in the late-2000s to early-2010s amid the Spanish financial crisis, the removal of commercials from RTVE by means of its 2009 Funding Law facilitated the creation of the duopoly formed by Mediaset España and Atresmedia,[6] that secures a 57% share of the audience and a 90% of advertising procurement.[7]
Television Española
La 1 ("La Uno"): Spain's principal public-service television network, publicly owned and financed and offering programming aimed at a wide public. Previous names include La Primera Cadena and TVE-1. La 2 ("La Dos"): the country's second nationwide public channel, providing alternative programming to La 1. Previous names include UHF, La Segunda Cadena and TVE-2.
Type | Channels | Mux |
---|---|---|
Free-to-air | La 1 (HD & UHD), La 2 (HD), 24 Horas (HD), Clan (HD), Teledeporte (HD), TVE UHD | RGE1 RGE2 RGET |
Atresmedia
As of 2020, Atresmedia is the second largest free-to-air television network in terms of audience. It is owned by the
The network's secondary generalist channel, laSexta, traces its origins to the granting of another private license in 2005. It was then jointly owned by the Mexican giant Televisa (40%) and the Grupo Audiovisual de Medios de Producción (60%), which was in turn participated by Grupo Árbol-Globomedia (40%), Mediapro (38%), Drive (10%), El Terrat (7%) and Bainet (5%).[9]
However in the context of mergings in the late-2000 to early-2010s, the channels of Antena 3 and those of Mediapro merged in 2011, and LaSexta subsequently became part of the newly created Grupo Atresmedia.[10]
Type | Channels | Mux |
---|---|---|
Free-to-air | Mega (HD), Atreseries (HD)
|
MPE2 MPE4 MPE5 |
Mediaset España
As of 2020, Mediaset España is the television group with the largest audience.[11] It has its origins in the Gestevisión Telecinco, the society created in 1989 that was granted one of the first licenses for private free-to-air analogic terrestrial TV private channels in Spain: Tele 5 (later branded as Telecinco). It was initially formed by Italian media tycoon Silvio Berlusconi's Fininvest (25%), Grupo Anaya (25%), ONCE (25%) and other shareholders (25%),[12] although the share distribution has changed over the years, and, as of 2020, Mediaset España is owned via Mediaset Italia by the Berlusconi family,[11] and, in 2019, the group simply attempted to merge with Mediaset Italia.[13]
In 2009, already in the TDT transition era, Gestevisión agreed with PRISA's Sogecuatro to merge their businesses (most notably their flagship channels Telecinco and Cuatro), with Gestevisión absorbing Sogecuatro in exchange of a minor participation of PRISA as shareholder of Gestevisión. In 2011, the media conglomerate was renamed to Mediaset España Comunicación S.A.[14] PRISA eventually sold its remaining shares in 2015.[15]
The flagship channel of the network remains Telecinco. Telecinco airs general programs such as news, movies, reality shows, sport events and quizzes. As secondary channel in the Mediaset network, Cuatro airs general programs such as news, movies, documentaries, reality shows, sport events and quizzes.
Type | Channels | Mux |
---|---|---|
Free-to-air | Boing (HD), Be Mad (HD)
|
MPE3 MPE4 MPE5 |
Regional broadcasters
Many of the Spanish
Among the flagship channels of the different autonomous communities, the Catalan TV3 stands out because it enjoys, by far, the largest share of audience in its respective region, leading, in fact, over the rest of terrestrial channels with a 14.6% share of audience in Catalonia in 2019.[16]
Other terrestrial television channels
Corporation | Channel in Standard Definition | Channel in High Definition | Channel in 4K | Radio station | Mux |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociedad Gestora de Televisión Net TV | Disney Channel
Paramount Network |
MPE1 | |||
Veo Televisión | Gol
|
EsRadio Radio Marca Vaughan Radio Cadena 100 Radio María |
MPE1 | ||
Trece | Trece
|
Cope | MPE4 | ||
Radio Blanca | DKiss | Kiss FM Hit FM |
RGE 2 | ||
Central Broadcaster Media | Ten | Cadena SER LOS40 DIAL |
RGE2 | ||
Real Madrid Club de Fútbol
|
Real Madrid TV HD | MPE5 |
By autonomous community
|
Most-viewed channels
Monthly viewing shares in December 2021 (Top 10 individual channels):[17]
Position | Channel | Group | Share of total viewing (%) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Antena 3 | Atresmedia | 13.8 |
2 | Telecinco | Mediaset España | 13.2 |
3 | La 1 | Televisión Española | 9.0 |
4 | La Sexta |
Atresmedia | 6.4 |
5 | Cuatro | Mediaset España | 5.1 |
6 | La 2 | Televisión Española | 3.1 |
7 | FDF | Mediaset España | 2.5 |
8 | Nova | Atresmedia | 2.3 |
9 | Energy | Mediaset España | 2.2 |
10 | Trece | Conferencia Episcopal Española | 2.1 |
Discontinued channels
- TVE 50 Años
- Canal Clásico
- Canal Nostalgia
- Cultural·es
- Telecinco Estrellas
- Telecinco Sport
- Net TV
- Fly Music
- Telehit
- Hogar 10
- Sony TV en Veo
- 40 Latino
- La Tienda en Casa
- CNN+
- GH24
- Veo7
- La 10
- HD)
- Nou 2
- Nou 24
- TVE HD
- Marca TV
- MTV
- Intereconomía
- AXN
- Nitro
- Xplora
- laSexta2
- laSexta3
- LaSiete
- Nueve
Cable
Digital cable is slowly replacing the aging analog service of the major cable provider
Satellite
Digital satellite services has existed since 1997 from
A high definition version of Canal+ 1 (Canal+ 1 HD) formerly called "#0"; started on 29 January 2008, and ended on 31 July 2023, which is now replaced by Movistar Plus+, which is started broadcasting on 1 August 2023, together with HD versions of Canal+ Deportes (now Movistar Deportes) and Canal+ DCine (now Movistar Drama) broadcast from Astra 1KR.
Internet services
Available
Programming
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- Fiction
During the more than three decades of TVE's monopoly over TV broadcasting, TVE delivered a diverse fiction offer, both in terms of dramas and comedies as well as different production standards, although there was no special interest in an extended run of their series, and many of them simply often fit a prototypical one season & 13 episode profile.[22] TVE also imported fiction series from the United States.[22]
During the 1960s and 1970s, the scope of domestic fiction focused on theatrical and literary adaptations as well as region-themed fiction; in the particular case of comedy, productions underpinned the sense of costumbrismo and everyday life.[23]
By the early 1990s, in the context of the entry of the private channels, domestically-produced comedy fiction series seized on the prime time slot, until then a dominion of game shows, foreign series and domestic dramas.[24] A tendency to lengthen the duration of the episodes of comedy series manifested in this transitional period.[24]
After its kickstart in 2018, Turkish soap operas had become popular in Spain by 2021.[25] Also in the 2020s, low-budget "uplifting" German films had become a staple of the sobremesa timeslot on weekends (on TVE and Antena 3).[26] Driven by appeals to nostalgia, 2021 saw a number of projects remaking or reviving former Spanish fiction series.[27]
See also
- List of Spanish-language television channels
- List of Catalan-language television channels
- Media of Spain
- Internet in Spain
- Radio in Spain
- Newspapers in Spain
References
- Citations
- ^ Cid, Mikel (23 April 2015). "La historia de Canal+ en España, desde las emisiones codificadas a Telefónica". Xataka.
- ^ "Sogecable lanza Canalsatélite, la mayor oferta de televisión por satélite en España". El País. 13 January 1994.
- ^ Beceiro Ribela, Sagrario (2010). "El nacimiento de la televisión digital de pago por satélite en España". Trípodos. Facultat de Comunicació i Relacions Internacionals Blanquerna (26): 134.
- ^ Beceiro Ribela 2010, p. 134.
- ^ "Analogue TV Switch Off in Spain". The Sat & TV Guy. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
- ISSN 1646-5954.
- ^ García Santamaría, Barranquero Carretero & Rosique Cedillo 2017, p. 149.
- ^ Pérez Rufí 2020, p. 54.
- ^ Gómez, Rosario G. (25 November 2005). "El Gobierno adjudica a La Sexta el cuarto canal de televisión privada". El País.
- ^ Pérez Rufí 2020, p. 45.
- ^ a b Pérez Rufí 2020, pp. 52–53.
- ^ "Telecinco cumple 20 años siendo la televisión privada más vista de nuestro país". Mundoplus. March 2010.
- ^ Pérez Rufí 2020, p. 53.
- ^ "Gestevisión Telecinco pasa a ser Mediaset España Comunicación". prnoticias.com. 13 April 2011.
- ^ Forcada, D. (21 April 2015). "Prisa pujará por un nuevo canal tras sacar 550 millones por la venta de Cuatro". El Confidencial.
- ^ Espinel, Rodrigo (25 January 2020). "¿Cuáles son las cadenas de televisión autonómicas más vistas?". Producción audiovisual.
- ^ "Monthly Analysis of TV Audience - December 2021" (PDF). Barlovento Comunicación. Retrieved January 26, 2022.
- ^ "Diales. Frecuencias y Diales Movistar+ - Movistar+".
- ^ a b "La televisión del futuro vuelve a los anuncios". La Vanguardia. 15 October 2019.
- ^ Fernández, Eduardo (25 March 2020). "Disney+ se suma a la guerra del streaming: "Al final se quedarán los indispensables y nosotros lo somos"". El Mundo.
- ^ González, Gabriela (26 March 2021). "Pluto TV cumple cinco meses con tres nuevos canales gratis: así ha evolucionado la nueva plataforma de televisión online gratuita". GenBeta.
- ^ a b Hidalgo-Marí & Ferrer Ceresola 2018, pp. 227–228.
- ^ Hidalgo-Marí & Ferrer Ceresola 2018, p. 229.
- ^ a b Hidalgo-Marí & Ferrer Ceresola 2018, p. 235.
- ^ Roces, Pablo R.; Hurtado, Lluís Miquel (27 February 2021). "Turkish Soap Operas Flourish Worldwide. Their Audience is Successful and Erdogan Uses Them as a Political Weapon". Forum.eu.
- ^ Sánchez, Nacho (4 April 2021). "Así conquistó el cine alemán la hora de la siesta". El País.
- ^ Robaina González, Paula (18 April 2021). "Javier Mendo y Gracia Olayo vuelven a interpretar a Borja Ruano y Rosa Ruano en 'Los protegidos. El regreso'". FormulaTV.
- Bibliography
- Hidalgo-Marí, Tatiana; Ferrer Ceresola, Rosa (2018). "La comedia televisiva en España. La transición en la ficción entre 1990 y 1995" (PDF). IC – Revista Científica de Información y Comunicación. 15: 223–249. ISSN 2173-1071.
- Pérez Rufí, José Patricio (2020). "Estructura del mercado audiovisual en España: apuntes para una introducción". In Suing, Abel; Kneipp, Valquíria (eds.). Olhares sobre a imagem em movimento (PDF). Aveiro: Ria Editoral. pp. 33–59. ISBN 978-989-8971-36-4.