DVB-C
| List of digital television broadcast standards |
|---|
| DVB standards (countries) |
| ATSC standards (countries) |
|
| ISDB standards (countries) |
| DTMB standards (countries) |
| DMB standard (countries) |
|
| Codecs |
|
| Terrestrial Frequency bands |
| Satellite Frequency bands |
Digital Video Broadcasting - Cable (DVB-C) is the
channel coding. The standard was first published by the ETSI in 1994, and subsequently became the most widely used transmission system for digital cable television in Europe, Asia and South America.[1] It is deployed worldwide in systems ranging from the larger cable television networks (CATV) down to smaller satellite master antenna TV (SMATV
) systems.
Technical description
DVB-C transmitter
With reference to the figure, a short description of the single processing blocks follows.
- Mbit/s(see the bottom figure for a complete listing).
- MUX adaptation and energy dispersal: the MPEG-TS is identified as a sequence of energy dispersal, the byte sequence is decorrelated.
- External encoder: a first level of protection is applied to the transmitted data, using a nonbinary block code, a Reed–Solomon RS (204, 188) code, allowing the correction of up to a maximum of 8 wrong bytes for each 188-byte packet.
- External interleaver: convolutional interleaving is used to rearrange the transmitted data sequence, such way it becomes more rugged to long sequences of errors.
- Byte/m-tuple conversion: data bytes are encoded into bit m-tuples (m = 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8).
- Differential coding: In order to get a rotation-invariant constellation, this unit shall apply a differential encoding of the two Most Significant Bits (MSBs) of each symbol.
- QAM Mapper: the bit sequence is mapped into a base-band digital sequence of complex symbols. There are 5 allowed QAM, 32-QAM, 64-QAM, 128-QAM, 256-QAM.
- Base-band shaping: the QAM signal is filtered with a raised-cosine shaped filter, in order to remove mutual signal interference at the receiving side.
- DAC and front-end: the digital signal is transformed into an analog signal, with a front-end.
| Modulation | Bandwidth (MHz) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | |
| 16-QAM | 6.41 | 12.82 | 19.23 | 25.64 | 32.05 |
| 32-QAM | 8.01 | 16.03 | 24.04 | 32.05 | 40.07 |
| 64-QAM | 9.62 | 19.23 | 28.85 | 38.47 | 48.08 |
| 128-QAM | 11.22 | 22.44 | 33.66 | 44.88 | 56.10 |
| 256-QAM | 12.82 | 25.64 | 38.47 | 51.29 | 64.11 |
DVB-C receiver
The receiving STB adopts techniques which are dual to those ones used in the transmission.
- Front-end and ADC: the analog RF signal is converted to base-band and transformed into a digital signal, using an analog-to-digital converter (ADC).
- QAM Demodulation
- Equalization
- Differential decoding
- Outer interleaving
- Outer decoding
- MUX adaptation
- MPEG-2 demultiplexing and source decoding
- Programmable Transport Stream
DVB-C2
On February 18, 2008 it was announced that a new standard – DVB-C2 – would be developed during 2008, and a "Call for Technologies" was issued.[2] Proposals including simulation programs and information on patent rights could be submitted until June 16, 2008.
"The results of the DVB-C2 Study Mission already provided clear indications that technologies are available allowing the performance of the second generation DVB cable transmission system to get so close to the theoretical
Shannon Limit
that any further improvements in the future would most likely not be able to justify the introduction of a disruptive third generation of cable transmission system." (DVB-C2 CfT)
By using state of the art coding and modulation techniques, DVB-C2 should offer greater than 30% higher spectrum efficiency under the same conditions, and the gains in downstream channel capacity will be greater than 60% for optimized HFC networks.
The final DVB-C2 specification was approved by the DVB Steering Board in April 2009.
DVB-C2 allows bit rates up to 83.1 Mbit/s on an 8 MHz channel bandwidth when using 4096-QAM modulation; future extensions will allow up to 97 Mbit/s and 110.8 Mbit/s per channel using 16384-QAM and 65536-AQAM modulation.[3]
Modes and features of DVB-C2 in comparison to DVB-C:
| DVB-C | DVB-C2 | |
|---|---|---|
| Input Interface | Single Transport Stream (TS)
|
Multiple Transport Stream and Generic Stream Encapsulation (GSE)
|
| Modes | Constant Coding & Modulation | Variable Coding & Modulation and Adaptive Coding & Modulation |
FEC
|
Reed Solomon (RS)
|
|
| Modulation | Single Carrier QAM
|
absolute OFDM[5] |
| Modulation Schemes | 16- to 256- QAM
|
16- to 4096- QAM
|
Guard Interval
|
Not Applicable | 1/64 or 1/128 |
| Inverse Fast Fourier transform (IFFT) size | Not Applicable | 4k[6] |
Interleaving
|
Bit-Interleaving | Bit- Time- and Frequency-Interleaving |
| Pilots | Not Applicable | Scattered and Continual Pilots |
Countries that use DVB-C
 |
Albania
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil
Bulgaria
China
Colombia
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Ecuador
Estonia
Finland
France prior to IPTV before 2014.
Germany
Georgia
Gibraltar
Greenland
Hong Kong
Hungary
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Lebanon
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macau
North Macedonia
Mali
Malta
Moldova
Mexico
Montenegro
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Pakistan
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Serbia
Singapore Discontinued in 2019.
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Tanzania
Thailand
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam
See also
- ATSC Standards
- Digital cable
- Digital Video Broadcasting(DVB)
- Digital Multimedia Broadcasting(DMB)
- Digital television (DTV)
- DVB-CI
- DigiCipher 2
- QAM - the US term for the North American equivalent to DVB-C
References
- ^ "DVB-C will surpass US´ cable technologies in 2013 in Latin America". NexTV Latam. 2019-02-22. Archived from the original on 2019-02-23. Retrieved 2019-02-22.
- ^ "Second Generation Transmission Technologies for Cable Networks. Call for Technologies" (PDF). www.dvb.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-19. Retrieved 2009-02-19.
- ^ Dr. Dirk Jaeger (2010-09-02). "DVB-C2 Gets Reality - Facts and Figures on a New Transmission Approach". 8th Broadband Technology Conference, Gdynia. ReDeSign Project. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20.
- ^ "ETSI EN 302 769 V1.3.1. Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Frame structure channel coding and modulation for a second generation digital transmission system for cable systems (DVB-C2)" (PDF). DVB consortium. 2015-10-01.
- ^ "ETSI TS 102 991 V1.3.1. Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Implementation Guidelines for a second generation digital cable transmission system (DVB-C2)" (PDF). DVB consortium. 2016-01-01.
- ^ "DVB-C2 The second generation transmission technology for broadband cable" (PDF). Dirk Jaeger, Philipp Hasse, Joerg Robert, Institut fuer Nachrichtentechnik at Technische Universitaet Braunschweig. 2009-04-08. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2013-01-24.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to DVB-C.
- Website of the DVB Project
- ETSI Standard: ETSI EN 300 429 V1.2.1 (1998-04), Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for cable systems, download from ETSI.
- Official factsheet of DVB-C2[permanent dead link]