The Years of Rice and Salt
LC Class | PS3568.O2893 Y43 2002 |
The Years of Rice and Salt is an alternate history novel by American science fiction author Kim Stanley Robinson, published in 2002. The novel explores how world history might have been different if the Black Death plague had killed 99 percent of Europe's population, instead of a third as it did in reality. Divided into ten parts, the story spans hundreds of years, from the army of the Muslim conqueror Timur to the 21st century, with Europe being re-populated by Muslim pioneers, the indigenous peoples of the Americas forming a league to resist Chinese and Muslim invaders, and a 67-year-long world war being fought primarily between Muslim states and the Chinese and their allies. While the ten parts take place in different times and places, they are connected by a group of characters that are reincarnated into each time but are identified to the reader by the first letter of their name being consistent in each life.
The novel explores themes of history, religion, and social movements. The historical narrative is guided more by social history than political or military history. Critics found the book to be rich in detail, realistic, and thoughtful. The Years of Rice and Salt won the Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel in 2003. In the same year it was nominated for the Arthur C. Clarke Award, a Hugo Award, and a British Science Fiction Award.
Background
At the time of publication in 2002, science fiction author Kim Stanley Robinson was 49 years old and living in Davis, California. He had conceived of the premise for The Years of Rice and Salt in the 1970s while thinking about what alternate history scenario would result in "the biggest change that would still work in terms of comparison to our history".[1] He subsequently developed an interest in China and in Buddhism, which he would study for this project.[2]
Robinson's only other alternate history story prior to this project was the short story "The Lucky Strike" (1984),[a] where the Enola Gay crashes in a training exercise and the secondary crew must complete the Hiroshima bombing.[3]
Robinson also wrote an essay titled "A Sensitive Dependence on Initial Conditions" (1991),[b] comparing different theories of history and laws of science, such as the covering law model, to explain how alternate histories can be arrived at, using "The Lucky Strike" as an example.[c]
He explored the idea of non-Western influences creating a new culture while working on his Mars trilogy, which involved a heavy Muslim influence in a Martian colony.[2] The Mars trilogy gave Robinson a reputation for quality of writing and a richness of detail comparable to James Michener,[4] as well as winning him a Nebula Award for Red Mars (1993) and two Hugo and Locus Awards for Green Mars (1994) and Blue Mars (1996).[5] Robinson followed the Mars trilogy with the novel Antarctica (1997), which won an Alex Award, and two short story collections, The Martians (1999) and Vinland the Dream (2001), before publishing The Years of Rice and Salt.
Plot
The story is divided into ten parts.
Book One: Awake to Emptiness
Bold and Psin, scouts in
Book Two: The Haj in the Heart
In
Book Three: Ocean Continents
The
Book Four: The Alchemist
A 17th-century alchemist named Khalid from Samarkand attempts to fool the Khan into believing that he has discovered the Philosopher's stone, but his fraud is uncovered and his hand is severed as punishment. Khalid becomes depressed and disenchanted with alchemy and decides to destroy all his Alchemical books. His friend Iwang, a Tibetan Buddhist mathematician, and son-in-law Bahram, a Sufi blacksmith, instead convince him to test the claims in the books. They devote themselves to practical demonstrations and experiments that greatly improve knowledge of various aspects of physics, chemistry, mathematics, biology, and weaponry, and in the process create the scientific method. Their discoveries create interest amongst the religious madrasahs of the city, many of whom also go along with the new fashion of building and testing scientific apparatuses. But most of all, they catch the eye of the Khan's powerful advisor, who sees in their inventions the possibility of great military technology, to fight the rising Chinese threat to the East.
Book Five: Warp and Weft
A former samurai, fleeing from the Chinese conquest of Japan, travels to the New World to meet the Iroquois people. They name him "Fromwest" and make him a chief of their confederacy. He helps organize their society into a larger defensive alliance of all the North American tribes, and shows them how to make their own guns with which to resist the Chinese and Muslim colonizers.
Book Six: Widow Kang
Book Six follows the life of Chinese widow Kang Tongbi during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor. She takes in a poor Buddhist monk, Bao Ssu, and his son whom she finds scavenging, but the monk is wrongly implicated in a series of queue cuttings and dies in prison. Later, Kang meets a Hui Muslim scholar named Ibrahim ibn Hasam and together they discover it is possible to remember their past lives. They marry and move to Lanzhou in western China, where they undertake work to try to reconcile Islamic and Confucian beliefs. Kang creates and collects works of proto-feminist poetry and becomes a known writer. There is a Muslim rebellion in the region due to the Qing intolerance of new Islamic sects coming from the west, but the revolt is crushed with massive force.
Book Seven: The Age of Great Progress
In the 19th century, war rages between the
Later, during the Xianfeng Emperor's reign, in the Chinese colony known as Gold Mountain, the Great Flood of 1862 forces the evacuation of Chinese and Japanese settlers alike. The Japanese had originally fled to the new world to escape Chinese oppression in their homeland, but find themselves once again under the Chinese yoke. A displaced Japanese slave, Kiyoaki, and a pregnant Chinese refugee, Peng-ti, manage to flee to the great coastal city of Fangzhang.[6] There Kiyoaki joins a secret Japanese freedom movement that is being aided by Travancore, with Ismail acting as a liaison.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/The_Years_of_Rice_and_Salt_%28Pre-War_Map%29.png/360px-The_Years_of_Rice_and_Salt_%28Pre-War_Map%29.png)
Book Eight: War of the Asuras
Book Eight is set in the 20th century, during the "Long War". The world has become divided into three large alliances: the Chinese Empire and its colonies, the fractured Muslim world (
The story follows Chinese officers, Kuo, Bai and Iwa as they desperately fight in the trenches of the Gansu Corridor, where the ground has been blasted down to bedrock by sixty years of bombardments. Kuo is killed by a shell that penetrates their bunker. Bai and Iwa are ordered to move with their company south through Tibet to support their Indian allies. At a pass in the Himalayas they witness Muslim artillery blasting the top of Mount Everest down so that the tallest mountain in the world will be in Muslim lands. After extreme difficulties they manage to breach the Muslim defences at the pass and the Chinese army pours through to join forces with the Indians, turning the course of the war in their favour. Bai is plagued by visions of his dead friend Kuo, who tells him that none of this is happening and that he is already dead, killed by the shell earlier.
Book Nine: Nsara
A young Muslim woman named Budur and her aunt Idelba are living in Europe in the aftermath of the Long War. Together, they escape Budur's highly traditional family in the Alps and move to the more liberal and cosmopolitan city of Nsara. There they stay at a zawiyya, a refuge for women, Idelba restarts her work in physics and Budur enrolls in university where she studies history. The history class is presided over by Kirana, a feminist lecturer who questions everything about Muslim society. Budur becomes close to Kirana who opens her eyes to the injustices that women face and how they can seek emancipation and liberation (the two have a brief affair).
I. Yingzhou II. Inka III. Firanja IV. Maghrib V. Sahel VI. Zanj | VII. Ingoli VIII. Botswana IX. Skandistan X. Iran XI. Arabia XII. Greater Japan | XIII. China XIV. Indian League XV. Burmese League XVI. Mindanao XVII. Aozhou XVIII. Maori |
Life in Nsara becomes increasingly difficult as they face the effects of defeat in the war, such as hyperinflation, food shortages and strikes. In many countries this leads to governments being overthrown in coups of various kinds. In Nsara itself, the military attempts to overthrow the government, causing Budur and Kirana to start mass street protests against. Eventually the Hodenosaunee League intervene by sending a fleet from their naval base at Orkney to Nsara, insisting that the military relinquish power, which they do.
Throughout this, Idelba has been making a disturbing discovery from her work on atomic physics. She concludes that it is possible to make a devastating weapon from nuclear chain reactions and fears that the military will try to create such bombs and restart the war. The government learns of her work and raids the Zawiyya to get hold of her papers, but Budur manages to hide them. Idelba eventually dies of radiation poisoning from the materials she was working with and leaves all her research to Budur, who keeps her secret and eventually manages to organize an international conference of scientists to discuss the issue. At the meeting in Isfahan, Iran, they agree that none of them will work on the creation of nuclear weapons, and they start an international scientific movement to break down barriers between cultures. They even create a new scientific calendar to be used by the whole world, with its year zero set from the time of the conference.
Book Ten: The First Years
Bao Xinhua is a revolutionary in China, who works under the leadership of his friend, Kung Jianguo. Bao and Kung successfully overthrow the oppressive Chinese government, but Kung is killed on the cusp of their victory. Deeply depressed and disillusioned, Bao leaves China and begins a voyage around the world. Bao marries and raises two children before accepting a diplomatic post in Myanmar. Eventually, Bao's wife dies, and he begins to wander once again. Bao spends time studying with a comrade from his revolutionary years named Isao Zhu, who poses many macrohistorical questions about the world in which they live. In his later years, Bao moves to Fangzhang to teach history and the philosophy of history, and at the end of the novel, he meets a new student named Kali.
Style, themes and genre
The novel is divided into ten chapters that each act as a short story, linked by the use of a group of people who appear in each story. After spending time in
Robinson incorporated utopian themes in his previous works but reviewers were divided on whether The Years of Rice and Salt qualified as a utopian story.
Alternate history
...the complaints about alternative histories being "too much like" our history are always balanced, sometimes in the same commentator, by complaints that it is "too different to be possible," and I have concluded that really one can't win: alternatives to our world history are in some deep sense unthinkable. The alternative history then becomes an exercise in pushing at that limit and always asking "why" to one's responses concerning "plausibility" or the like.
—Kim Stanley Robinson[2]
The Years of Rice and Salt belongs to the
Robinson's take on alternate history is that because it "is set in the same lawful universe as ours, its science must be the same [and] because its people have the same basic human needs, their societies resemble ours."[10] Therefore, despite the difference in who specifically is there, "the great majority of humanity [is] doing their work, and that work would tend to forge along at a certain pace as people tried to solve the problems of making themselves more comfortable in this world."[2]
While most alternate histories use the
Reviewers noted this allows for the "history [to be] experienced by readers on a human scale"[18] and "an implicit but thorough rebuke to the kind of war-gaming determinism that most alternate histories embody."[9] The novel has characters that explore subjects like philosophy, theology, history, and scientific theory.[19][20]
Publication and reception
Robinson takes advantage of the romance inherent in the idea of reincarnation; it's a lovely, seductive concept, and it adds much mystical texture to the narrative. But that does not mean the author is any less tough-minded here than in his other books. Indeed, The Years of Salt and Rice, for all of its fantastic elements, is essentially a character-driven — which is to say, literary — series of novelettes.
—Chauncy Mabe, Books Editor,
Released in March 2002, the book was published in North America by Bantam Books and in the United Kingdom by HarperCollins. The paperback was released in 2003 along with a Spanish translation. In the subsequent years, other translated versions were published, in French, Polish, Chinese, and Hungarian.
The novel was well received by critics who variously called it "thoughtful",
Awards
It won the 2003 Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel and was nominated for the Hugo Award, the Arthur C. Clarke Award, and the British Science Fiction Award.
See also
Other alternate-history novels where the Black Death was much deadlier in Europe, which was subsequently colonized in whole or part by Muslims:
- The Gate of Worlds, by Robert Silverberg, published in 1966,
- The Crystal Empire, by L. Neil Smith, published in 1986, and
- In High Places, by Harry Turtledove, published in 2005.
- Lion's Blood, by Steven Barnes published in 2003, also takes place in a world dominated by Islam.
Notes
- OCLC 23764754)
- ISBN 9781604860856) as part of their Outspoken Authors series.
References
- ISBN 9781604860856.
- ^ a b c d e f g Szeman, Imre; Maria Whiteman (July 2004). "Future Politics: An Interview with Kim Stanley Robinson". Science Fiction Studies. 31 (2): 177–188.
- ^ a b c Zaleski, Jeff; Peter Canon (January 7, 2002). "The Years of Rice and Salt". Publishers Weekly. 249 (1): 51.
- ^ a b c d Evans, Clay (February 24, 2002). "New worlds - Two giant new 'alternative histories' vividly explore Islam ascendant". Daily Camera. Boulder, Colorado. p. DD6.
- ^ Evans, Clay (June 13, 2004). "Real, but not real fun: - Robinson's new global-warming trilogy gets off to a slow star". Daily Camera. Boulder, Colorado. p. E5.
- ^ "The years of rice and salt | KimStanleyRobinson.info".
- ^ The San Diego Union-Tribune. San Diego, California. p. BOOKS-7.
- ^ South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Fort Lauderdale, Florida. p. 10D.
- ^ a b c d e Feeley, Gregory (April 7, 2002). "Past Forward". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C.
- ^ a b c Jonas, Gerald (April 28, 2002). "Science Fiction". The New York Times Book Review. New York. p. 20.
- ^ a b Barbour, Douglas (March 17, 2002). "Islam and Buddhism clash in believable alternate history". Edmonton Journal. Edmonton, Alberta. p. D11.
- ^ a b c Wilson, Andrew (June 15, 2002). "Worlds of wonder". The Scotsman. Edinburgh, Scotland. p. 10.
- ^ a b Robinson, Kim Stanley (April 14, 2002). "Profile: Kim Stanley Robinson's Book "The Years Of Rice And Salt"". Weekend Edition Sunday (Interview). Interviewed by Neda Ulaby. National Public Radio.
- ^ Powers, John (June 2002). "The West Coast of Utopia: Kim Stanley Robinson and the science fiction of hope". The American Prospect: 45.
- ^ Pierleoni, Allen (July 14, 2004). "Warming Up —- Kim Stanley Robinson's latest is the first in a sci-fi trilogy about a catastrophic ice age". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. p. E1.
- ^ Denver, Colorado. p. EE-02.
- ^ a b Chrom, Sol (June 15, 2002). "World without West". The Globe and Mail. Toronto, Ontario. p. D30.
- ^ a b Menefee, Christine (August 2002). "The Years of Rice and Salt". School Library Journal. 48 (8): 222.
- ^ Fisher, George (October 2002). "The Years of Rice and Salt". New Internationalist (350): 31.
- ^ Shaw, Elizabeth (July 14, 2002). "Salt' insight into alternate history". The Flint Journal. Flint, Michigan. p. F03.
- ^ a b Kaveney, Roz (March 5, 2002). "Tuesday Book: After the Black Death, 700 Years of New Life". The Independent. London, England. p. 5.
- ^ Cassada, Jackie (February 15, 2002). "The Years of Rice and Salt". Library Journal. 127 (3): 180.
- ^ "The Years of Rice and Salt". Kirkus Reviews. 70 (1): 23. January 2002.
- The News Letter. Belfast, Northern Ireland.
- ^ Kincaid, Paul (March 25, 2002). "Big Death". New Scientist. 173 (2335): 50.
Further reading
- Marden, William (June 23, 2002). "Welcome to Strange, Alternate Worlds". Orlando Sentinel. Orlando, Florida. p. F9.
- Evans, Clay (December 8, 2002). "Boulder County writers (plus a few others) will please bibliophiles on your gift list". Daily Camera. Boulder, Colorado. p. DD6.
- "Science fiction paper". Sioux City Journal. Sioux City, Iowa. July 6, 2003.
- Salm, Arthur (July 4, 2004). "Robinson explores what-if of the future". The San Diego Union-Tribune. San Diego, California. p. F-3.
- Abbott, Carl (Spring 2003). "Falling into History: The Imagined Wests of Kim Stanley Robinson in the "Three Californias" and Mars Trilogies". The Western Historical Quarterly. 34 (1): 27–47. JSTOR 25047207.