Third Ward, Houston
Third Ward is an area of
Third Ward, located inside the
Robert D. Bullard, a sociologist teaching at Texas Southern University, stated that Third Ward is "the city's most diverse black neighborhood and a microcosm of the larger black Houston community."[3]
History
Soon after the 1836 establishment of Houston, the City Council established four wards as political subdivisions of the city.
In the 1800s much of what was Third Ward, the present-day east side of Downtown Houston, was what Stephen Fox, an architectural historian who lectured at Rice University, referred to as "the elite neighborhood of late 19th-century Houston."[citation needed] Ralph Bivins of the Houston Chronicle said that Fox said that area was "a silk-stocking neighborhood of Victorian-era homes." Bivins said that the construction of Union Station, which occurred around 1910, caused the "residential character" of the area to "deteriorate." Hotels opened in the area to service travelers. Afterwards, according to Bivins, the area "began a long downward slide toward the skid row of the 1990s" and the hotels were changed into flophouses. Passenger trains stopped going to Union Station.[5] The City of Houston abolished the ward system in the early 1900s, but the name "Third Ward" was continued to be used to refer to the territory that it used to cover.[4]
Historically, Whites lived in the southern part of Third Ward, while African Americans were economically segregated and lived north of Truxillo Street. By the 1930s the White and Black populations of Third Ward were about even. After
The People's Party II, a community activist organization that eventually became the Houston Chapter of the Black Panther Party was originally led by Carl Hampton - a charismatic speaker who organized the PPII at 2800 Dowling Street in the spring of 1970 to address police brutality and corruption towards Black and Brown people in the community. Hampton died after being shot without provocation by police from a top of a church on July 26, 1970.[9] J. R. Gonzales of the Houston Chronicle stated that there were disputes between southern whites and blacks regarding the nature of Hampton's death.[10] Carl Hampton's contribution to Third Ward Community was the Rainbow Coalition that included The MAYO group - a Mexican community activist group - and The John Brown Revolutionary League, a group of white community activists. These groups worked together to bring about positive changes in their working class communities by supporting each other's "survival" programs. Programs included free childcare, free food giveaway, free fumigation for poor people, assisting the elderly in the community and free sickle cell anemia testing. Charles Boko Freeman became the PPII/local Black Panther Party Chairman. Party activity continued until membership dropped in late 1974 and early 1975 due to constant police repression.[9]
In the 1960s and 1970s many families in Third Ward relocated to racially integrated suburbs; racial integration allowed many Blacks to move to the suburbs, therefore Third Ward lost some of its population with decades of neglect and economic traffic. Despite the relocations the Almeda Road commercial corridor remained busy. Kent Hadnot, the executive director of Third Ward Redevelopment Council, said in a 2000 Houston Press article that blockbusting beginning in the 1970s began to drive homeowners and business owners away from the Third Ward and into suburbs such as Missouri City. The construction of Texas State Highway 288, which offered a quicker alternative into Downtown, caused Almeda Road's commercial properties to decline.[7] In addition 288's construction had divided existing parts of Third Ward.[11] Many children of Third Ward area business owners, educated in universities, had no desire to work in their parents' businesses, reducing the employee base of the Third Ward businesses. The 1980s oil bust hurt the economy of Third Ward and the nearby Almeda Road commercial corridor.[7]
From the 1980 U.S. Census to the 1990 Census, many African Americans left traditional African-American neighborhoods such as Third Ward and went into areas in Southwest Houston.[12]
In 1987 Dr. Joyce Williams, the chairperson of the Southeast Area Council, an organization within the Mayor's Citizens Assistance Council, said that her group stopped referring to the area as "Third Ward." The practice became official on Wednesday June 3, 1987. The group itself was formerly named Third Ward Area Council.
In 1998, a report by Third Ward Redevelopment Council concluded that the area had 55,000 residents. In addition, the report concluded that area shoppers and residents spend $345 million outside of the Third Ward per year; the residents and shoppers spend the money in other areas such as
Around 1996 many artists began moving into Third Ward.
In 2010 Paul Knight of the Houston Press wrote that from 2000 to 2010, "while other areas of the inner city have redeveloped dramatically in the last decade," citing the changes in the Fourth Ward, "Third Ward has, except for a few pockets, remained unchanged."[22] By 2016 the western Third Ward was undergoing new development, influenced by Midtown to the west, while many demolitions occurred in the northeast Third Ward. In a ten-year period ending in 2016 the rate of construction was lower than the Harris County average while the rate of demolition in the Third Ward was higher than the county average.[23]
By 2017, gentrification had become highly noticeable and more non-Black people had gradually moved into Greater Third Ward drawn by its proximity to popular destinations in Houston; the white population increased by 100% from 2007 to 2017, and the black population decreased by 10%.[24][25] The dawn of a new decade in 2020 saw more changes as longtime residents pushed back against rising housing costs and gentrification efforts changing the face of iconic structures such as the historic Sears building to pave way for a $100M innovation called The Ion.[26] By 2020, Third Ward's black population dropped to 45% from 71% in 2010, while the white population jumped 170% from 2010 to 2020. Also, Third Ward's median home price and average rent price jumped significantly from 2010 to 2020.[27][28]
Layout
Third Ward is immediately north of North MacGregor Boulevard and South MacGregor Boulevard. The area is northeast of the Texas Medical Center, Hermann Park, and the Houston Museum District, which are west of Texas State Highway 288.[29] It is in close proximity to Downtown Houston.[30]
Boundaries
Roger Wood, author of
The definitions of Third Ward as of 2004 differ from the definition of the historical Third Ward political entity.[31] The political district had the following boundaries: Congress Street, Main Street, and the city limits to the east and south.[32] Will Howard, an assistant manager of the Texas and local history department of the Houston Public Library, said in 2004 "They are cultural entities today, not legal entities, and like any culture, they are almost obligated to change."[31] Jeannie Kever of the Houston Chronicle said "That evolution allows people to designate the area around Texas Southern University Third Ward, for example, even though the city limits stopped far short of there in the early 1900s."[31]
Katharine Shilcutt of the Houston Press said that Third Ward is southwest of Interstate 45, southeast of Interstate 69/U.S. Route 59/Texas State Highway 288, north of Blodgett and Wheeler, and west of Texas State Highway 5/Calhoun. Shilcutt said that in her article on the best restaurants on the Third Ward, due to historical reasons she adjusted the western boundary to Almeda Road and the southern boundary down to MacGregor Way.[33]
In the era of de jure segregation, Alabama Street was the dividing line between the black and white areas.[34]
Composition
In 1995 T. R. Witcher of the Houston Press reported that the Third Ward, as defined by Third Ward Redevelopment Council, "may be the most variegated community in Houston."
Witcher described the northern part of Third Ward, which in his view "more than any other in Third Ward, call to mind the word "ghetto," Houston-style," as having "rows of shotgun shacks, worn frame houses and fraying apartments" owned by absentee landlords.[29] The section included crime, families affected by welfare dependency, unemployment, and proliferation of recreational drugs. In the summer residents of that area who wanted to cool down from the summer heat sat on porches and visited friends on the streets. The Third Ward area included many churches of varying sizes; some churches still attracted members who lived in Missouri City and other suburbs.[29] The shotgun shacks, located north of Truxillo Street, are smaller and more cheaply built than the houses, and they have been historically occupied by working class African Americans. Some shotgun shacks have been continually occupied, and some shotgun shacks have been abandoned; some of the abandoned shotgun shacks have been boarded up.[4]
Emancipation Avenue, renamed as such in 2017 and previously Dowling Street,
As of 2004 Third Ward has the highest concentration of "you buy, we fry" fish restaurants in the City of Houston.[36]
In 2013 Katharine Shilcutt of the Houston Press said that "Today, Third Ward possess a dynamic mix of old and new as the area slowly undergoes a slow gentrification process: beautiful brick homes abutting wonderfully divey restaurants like Chief Cajun Snack Shack, 80-year-old meat markets turned into vegan coffee shops, non-profit arts organizations such as Project Row Houses side-by-side with still-occupied row houses."[33]
The Third Ward Redevelopment Council defines Hermann Park, the Museum District, and the TMC as being part of Third Ward. Witcher of the wrote in 1995 that these are "not the first places that come to mind when you say "Third Ward,"[...]".[37]
Demographics
Third Ward is a predominantly African-American community. As of 2011 over 13,000 people live in Third Ward.[38] As of 2019, the area has gentrified rapidly with a surge in population, racial diversity, and cost of living.[39]
The City of Houston-defined Greater Third Ward Super Neighborhood in 2015 had 14,295 residents. 67% were non-Hispanic black, 14% were Hispanics, 13% were non-Hispanic white, 5% were non-Hispanic Asians, and 1% was non-Hispanic other. In 2000 the super neighborhood had 15,463 residents. 79% were non-Hispanic black, 10% were Hispanic, 7% were non-Hispanic white, and 2% each were non-Hispanic Asians and others.[40]
In 1870 29% of the African Americans in Houston lived in Third Ward. In 1910 the plurality now lived in Third Ward, with 32%.[41]
Government and infrastructure
Local government
The Houston Police Department's South Central Patrol Division,[42] headquartered at 2022 St. Emanuel in the Third Ward,[43] serves the neighborhood. HPD opened the South Central Police Station in 1986 when the Central Police Station, 61 Riesner, split and the 3rd Ward, the East End and the Medical Center became 10 District. 3rd Ward, had one of the highest crime and homicide rates in the City and the South Central Police Station was Chief Browns attempt to include the citizens in his "NOP" or Neighborhood Oriented Policing.
Fire and emergency medical services are provided by Houston Fire Department Station 25 Third Ward. The station is in Fire District 8.[44] The station opened at the intersection of Blodgett and Velasco in 1928 and opened in its current location at Rosewood at Scott in 1979.[45]
The city operates the Third Ward Multi-Service Center at 3611 Ennis Street.[46] The city multi-service centers provide several services such as child care, programs for elderly residents, and rental space.[47]
Third Ward is Houston City Council part of council District D and, as of 2020, is represented by Dr. Carolyn Evans-Shabazz.[48] In the 2000s Third Ward was split between districts D and I.[49][50] In the 1990s it was split between districts D, E, and I.[51]
In the 1991
The
Third Ward is Home, University Village, and Washington Terrace civic clubs serve part of the community, along with [when?] Emancipation Park Community Association (EPCA).[citation needed]. Also, Riverside Civic Association serves the neighboring Riverside Terrace area.
County, state, and federal representation
Third Ward is in Texas's 18th congressional district.[56] Its representative as of 2008 is Sheila Jackson Lee.
Crime
Crime in Third Ward has been on a steady decline since 2006 and as of 2014.[57] According to Houston Police Department's Uniform Crime Summary, there were approximately 1,428 total violent and non-violent crimes in 2006 in the Third Ward area patrolled by police beat 10H50. In 2013, there were approximately 991 violent and non-violent crimes in the area. In other words, there were 437 fewer crimes in 2013 than in 2006.[57]
Some of the drops in crime rate may be related to the fact that the City of Houston, the University of Houston, and other private companies are cleaning up the area through construction. A prime example of this is the Campus Vue apartment complex off North MacGregor Way and Calhoun Road. Other companies like Fountain Residential Partners and Asset Campus Housing, who have decided to build off-campus boutique dorms in the area, are receiving tax abatement and government support for building in a high poverty area.
“We continually evaluate the types of crime that are affecting our community and adjust our patrol and investigation methods to address those issues,” said Bret Collier, UHPD lieutenant and chief of staff.[57]
Education
Colleges and universities
The historic Third Ward area has the campus of
In addition, the University of Houston is located within proximity of the area which shares three main streets, namely Scott, the heart of Third Ward.[59] The Redevelopment Council defines University of Houston as being part of the Third Ward.[37][60]
The area previously housed the Houston Negro College of Nursing. The facility, as of 2003, now houses a charter school.[61]
Primary and secondary schools
Public schools
Area students attend schools in the Houston Independent School District. The community is within Trustee District IV, represented by Paula M. Harris as of 2009.[62][63][64]
Elementary schools serving sections of the Third Ward include Blackshear, located in Third Ward; and Lockhart in Riverside Terrace.[65] [66] All area residents are zoned to Cullen Middle School and Yates High School.[62][67][68] The Baylor College of Medicine Academy at Ryan, a magnet school, is located in the former Ryan Middle School building.[69][70] Beginning in 2018 the school also serves as a boundary option for students zoned to Blackshear, Lockhart, and MacGregor elementary schools.[71] The current Energy Institute High School campus opened in the Third Ward in 2018.[72]
The Texas Southern University/Houston Independent School District Charter Laboratory School is in Cuney Homes.
The William A. Lawson Institute for Peace and Prosperity has a campus on Scott Street serving students from 6th to 8th grade at “The Lawson Academy”. The program has been led by Dr. Cheryl Lawson since 2006. The Lawson Academy is opening up an early childhood program at Regency Lofts serving 3 and 4 year olds starting fall of 2023.
History of public schools
Allan Turner of the Houston Chronicle said that the building now belonging to Ryan Middle School and formerly housing Yates High School served as an "educational anchor" for the Third Ward as many professionals in the Third Ward community such as educators, ministers, and lawyers received education in it.[38]
Allen Elementary School opened as an elementary school for White people on February 1, 1907; back then the schools were segregated.[79] Longfellow Junior High School, located at 2202 St. Emanuel Street, opened in 1913. Blackshear Elementary School opened in 1916. Bowie Elementary School opened in 1921. Johnston Middle School opened in 1925. Douglass opened in 1927. Bowie was renamed to Dodson Elementary School in 1945; for a period it was the second-largest Black elementary school in the Third Ward area.[80]
In 1955 a new Allen elementary opened in another area not in proximity to the Third Ward. The former Allen campus became the Yates Annex, a school for Black 7th Graders meant to relieve Yates High School. In 1956 the campus was renamed J. Will Jones Elementary School, relieving Blackshear and Dunbar schools.[79][80] In September 1959 the new Johnston opened in Meyerland and the old Johnston became Miller Junior High School. Blackshear received an expansion in 1960. In 1961 the Longfellow building began to house Dunbar Elementary School. Blackshear received expansions in 1965.[80] In 1966 J. Will Jones received a 12 classroom annex.[79] Contemporary Learning Center began in 1973 and moved into the former Miller building in 1976. Blackshear received an expansion in 1980. Dunbar closed in 1981.[80] Kazi Shule, an HISD-affiliated charter school in the Third Ward serving grades 4-6, opened in 1996. The name in Swahili meant "The Working School".[81]
Due to a decline in enrollment,
In May 2006 Kazi Shule closed.
In 2013 the new Lockhart campus was to only have the Lockhart name, without combining "Lockhart" and "Turner", resulting in protests.[95] HISD dedicated the campus, scheduled to house about 750 students, on Thursday August 22, 2013. The funds to build the campus originate from the 2007 bond.[96]
In 2014 the Dodson school had about 445 students.[97] That year, the HISD school board was to vote on whether to close Dodson Elementary. Terry Grier, the HISD superintendent, argued that Dodson needs to close so another school will be located there while its permanent facility is under construction.[98] On Thursday March 13, 2014, the HISD board voted to close Dodson Elementary 5-4.[97] The Montessori program will move to Blackshear Elementary.[99] As part of rezoning for the 2014-2015 school year, all areas in the Third Ward previously under the Dodson zone were moved to the Blackshear zone.[65]
Charter schools
The Lawson Academy,[100] formerly WALIPP-TSU Preparatory Academy, is a charter middle school in Third Ward area.[101]
Pro-Vision Academy was established as an HISD-affiliated charter school for boys in 1995, originally occupying a campus in the Third Ward. After 2008 it moved to a new campus in Sunnyside.[104]
Private schools
The
St. Peter the Apostle, before its closure, was a PreK-8 school. Its peak enrollment was about 600 students in the 1960s.
Yellowstone Academy, a Christian private school, is in the Third Ward.[109] Yellowstone opened in August 2002, but in 2006 it agreed to purchase Douglass Elementary School from the Houston Independent School District.[82]
The Wheeler Avenue Christian Academy is a private school for students in kindergarten to fifth grade. The school operates under Wheeler Avenue Baptist Church located on Scott Street.[110]
Gallery of schools
-
Blackshear Elementary School
-
Texas Southern University/Houston Independent School District Charter Laboratory School in Cuney Homes
Public libraries
The Third Ward is served by the Houston Public Library Smith Neighborhood Library at 3624 Scott Street.[111]
Health care
The Quentin Mease Health Facility (formerly Quentin Mease Community Hospital[112]), operated by Harris Health System (formerly Harris County Hospital District), is located in the Third Ward area. It was previously a long-term care hospital but as of 2021 is being transformed into an outpatient facility.[113]
The Martin Luther King Health Center, also of Harris Health System, first opened on April 28, 1972. Quentin Mease opened in 1983.
The southeast branch of the American Red Cross serves the Third Ward.[119]
In 2017 the University of Houston HEALTH Research Institute received a $2 million grant for an anti-obesity and anti-diabetes program to be established in the Third Ward.[120]
Transportation
- East Downtown)
- Elgin/Third Ward station
- TSU/UH Athletics District station
- UH South/University Oaks station
Arts and culture
The Trinity United Methodist Church, which began in 1848, is the oldest African-American church congregation in the City of Houston. Trinity does not occupy the oldest church building.[61]
Katharine Shilcutt of the Houston Press said that the Third Ward includes "a diverse mix of restaurants to suit every taste".[33] Among these are fried chicken restaurants;[121] The original Frenchy's Chicken and its satellite location are both located in the Third Ward.[122]
The University Museum at Texas Southern University (TSU) is one of a few museums in Texas that emphasizes celebrating art and artifacts by creators of the
The Community Artists' Collective is a nonprofit organization founded by Michelle Barnes and Dr. Sarah Trotty that has served Third Ward community for thirty years, providing educational programming and support for African-American artists since its conception in 1985.[124]
Houston Chronicle columnist Joy Sewing wrote in 2020 that "The 'Tre, as we natives say, is a predominately Black neighborhood just south of downtown and east of the Museum District. Despite the stereotypes that often come with inner-city Black neighborhoods, Third Ward is also home to some of the city's most noted and greatest African-American artists, activists, educators and leaders."[125]
The Blaffer Art Museum at the University of Houston focus on major monographic and group exhibitions of national and international contemporary artists as well as artwork by University of Houston School of Art students.
Parks and recreation
Emancipation Park and Emancipation Community Center are located at 3018 Dowling Street.[126] Around 1870 the original owners of Emancipation Park purchased it to commemorate the end of slavery in the United States.[38] The community center includes an indoor gymnasium, a weight room, and meeting rooms. The park has an outdoor basketball pavilion, lighted sports fields, lighted tennis courts, a swimming pool, a playground, and picnic areas.[127]
Moses Leroy Park is located at 3100 Trulley Street.[128] Our Park is located at 2604 Alabama Street. Zurrie M. Malone Park is located at 2901 Nettleton Street, near Anita Street. Riverside Park is located at 2600 Calumet.[129]
The Third Ward is included in the service area of the Sam Houston Area Council Boy Scouts W.L. Davis District.[130]
The
Notable residents
- Debbie Allen (Actress/Dancer/Director)
- Phylicia Allen(Actress/Dean of Howard University Chadwick Bozeman School of Fine Arts)
- Michelle Barnes, artist and arts administrator[136]
- Beyoncé[137][138]
- Arnett Cobb[3]
- Albert Collins[3]
- Johnny Copeland[3]
- Garnet Coleman (State representative)[21]
- J. Elle, writer[139][140]
- George Floyd[141]
- Sam "Lightnin'" Hopkins[3][142]
- Solange Knowles[143][138]
- Anthony Obi "Fat Tony"[144]
- Pat Parker[145]
- Rinny Perkins, writer and artist[146]
In popular culture
Beyoncé was raised in the Riverside Terrace area and features the neighborhood in her music video "No Angel" from her 2013 self-titled fifth album Beyoncé. Also from the album, songs "Drunk in Love" and "Pretty Hurts" further representation of the neighborhood is portrayed.[147] Her company, Parkwood Entertainment, is named for Parkwood Park, where she played as a child.
Rapper
Houston rappers often reference Third Ward in their lyrics.[150][151][152]
See also
- Emancipation Park of Third Ward
- History of the African-Americans in Houston
- Riverside Terrace
References
- Wilson, Ezell (April 2011). "Third Ward, Steeped in Tradition of Self-reliance and Achievement" (PDF). Houston History Magazine. pp. 31–35.
Reference notes
- ^ George, Cindy (June 17, 2017). "Community celebrates $33.6M makeover of Houston's Emancipation Park". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved July 25, 2017. Sylvester Turner stated: "[...]stopped off in Freedman's Town — Fourth Ward — transferred over to Third Ward, the Tre, then migrated to Fifth Ward — the Nickel — didn't stay there,[...]"
- ^ Osborn, Altamese (December 29, 2011). "What's The New News? Challenges Media's Third Ward Assumptions". Houston Press. Retrieved July 25, 2017. "[...]the lifelong Third Ward -- or Tre, as the neighborhood is affectionately called -- resident[...]"
- ^ ISBN 0292786638, 9780292786639. 71.
- ^ ISBN 0292786638, 9780292786639. 72.
- ^ Bivins, Ralph. "ON DECK/The stadium vote/Stadium gives hope to downtown landowners Archived 2012-06-17 at the Wayback Machine." Houston Chronicle. Sunday September 29, 1996. A1. Retrieved on August 12, 2010.
- ^ ISBN 0292786638, 9780292786639. 73.
- ^ a b c d Duggins, Kamilah. "Third-Ward Rebound." Houston Press. November 16, 2000. 1. Retrieved on April 13, 2009.
- ^ "Study Area 11" (PDF). City of Houston. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 30, 2010.
- ^ a b "Parting shots Political activists recall the shooting death of a Black Panther leader by Houston police and the turmoil preceding it." Fort Worth Star-Telegram. December 26, 1999. 4 METRO. Retrieved on April 4, 2009.
- ^ Gonzales, J. R. (July 26, 2010). "The death of Carl Hampton". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on July 27, 2010. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
- ^ a b Rodriguez, Lori (July 15, 2001). "Some fear historic black neighborhoods are losing identity". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
- ^ Rodriguez, Lori. "Census tracks rapid growth of suburbia." Houston Chronicle. Sunday March 10, 1991. Section A, Page 1.
- ^ a b Cobb, Kim. "Move afoot to train Houstonians to erase `ward' from vocabularies." Houston Chronicle. Saturday June 6, 1987. Section 1, Page 27. Retrieved on October 20, 2011.
- ^ a b "Looking back wards Archived 2011-12-18 at the Wayback Machine." City Savvy Online (City of Houston). (northern hemisphere) Winter 2008. Retrieved on October 20, 2011.
- ^ Duggins, Kamilah. "Third-Ward Rebound." Houston Press. November 16, 2000. 2. Retrieved on April 13, 2009.
- ^ Rodriguez, Lori. "SHIFTING DEMOGRAPHICS / Latinos bringing change to black neighborhoods / Newcomers are finding acceptance comes gradually." Houston Chronicle. Monday May 2, 2005. A1. Retrieved on February 4, 2009.
- Houston Business Journal. Friday March 29, 2002. 1. Retrieved on December 5, 2009.
- ^ Shipley, Amy. "D.C. Bid for Olympic Games Rejected; San Francisco, New York Are U.S. Finalists for 2012." The Washington Post. August 28, 2002. A01. Retrieved on December 5, 2009.
- ^ a b Buntin, John. "Land Rush." Governing. March 2006. Retrieved on July 3, 2011.
- ^ a b Oaklander, Mandy. "Our HAUS." Houston Press. Wednesday July 6, 2011. 3 Archived July 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on July 10, 2011.
- ^ a b c Axtman, Kris. "After years in the suburbs, many blacks return to city life." The Christian Science Monitor. April 29, 2004. Retrieved on May 1, 2009.
- ^ Knight, Paul. "Third Ward High." Houston Press. Wednesday April 7, 2010. p. 2. Retrieved on April 2, 2014. "All but two of the Yates players grew up in the Third Ward."
- ^ Binkovitz, Leah. "The Third Ward's fight to manage gentrification." Houston Chronicle. May 25, 2016. Retrieved on May 30, 2016.
- ^ Walker, Aswad (March 3, 2017). "Third Ward: The White Invasion". Houston Defender. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
- ^ "Listen: Gentrification of the historic Third Ward". Houston Chronicle. August 2, 2018.
- ^ "Innovation vs. Gentrification: Third Ward residents want to grow with neighborhood, not be replaced". December 30, 2019.
- ^ "These Houston neighborhoods are evolving through gentrification. Here's a look at their past and present".
- ^ "Changing Third Ward: How rising home prices are pushing out families". May 10, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g Witcher, T. R. "Third Ward Rising." Houston Press. July 20, 1995. 1. Retrieved on April 13, 2009.
- ^ Inskeep, Steve. "Fighting Gentrification With Money In Houston." NPR. September 17, 2009. Retrieved on April 20, 2012.
- ^ a b c Kever, Jeannie. "Pride lives on in city's six historical wards." Houston Chronicle. September 7, 2004. Retrieved on October 20, 2011.
- ^ Wilson, p. 31.
- ^ a b c Shilcutt, Katharine. "Top 10 Restaurants in the Third Ward." Houston Press. Tuesday February 26, 2013. p. 1. Retrieved on March 27, 2013.
- ^ Wilson, J. R. (December 2010). "Zinetta Burney: Crossing Alabama Street" (PDF). Houston History Magazine. 8 (1): 17–18.
- ^ "Dowling Street in Houston's Third Ward renamed Emancipation Avenue". KHOU. June 19, 2017.
- ^ Walsh, Robb. "Southern-Fried Asian to Go." Houston Press. Thursday August 5, 2004. 1. Retrieved on January 20, 2012.
- ^ a b Witcher, T.R. (July 20, 1995). "Third Ward Rising". Houston Press. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
To the southwest, across Highway 288, lie [...] the towers of the Texas Medical Center, Houston's largest employment center -- not the first places that come to mind when you say "Third Ward," but which the redevelopment council includes as part of the community. To the east, across Cullen, is UH, and then the Houston Belt & Terminal railroad right of way, which the council uses as the community's eastern boundary. [In other words the council defines UH as part of the Third Ward]
- ^ a b c Turner, Allan. "UH exhibit focuses on Third Ward history, people." Houston Chronicle. March 23, 2011. Retrieved on March 24, 2011.
- ^ "Listen: Gentrification of the historic Third Ward - HoustonChronicle.com". www.houstonchronicle.com. August 2, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
- ^ "Super Neighborhood Resource Assessment No. 67 Greater Third Ward" (PDF). City of Houston. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
- S2CID 158691542. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 9, 2019.)
{{cite journal}}
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(help - ^ "Crime Statistics for South Central Patrol Division." City of Houston. Retrieved on April 4, 2009.
- ^ "VOLUNTEER INITIATIVES PROGRAM - Citizens Offering Police Support." City of Houston. Accessed October 28, 2008.
- ^ "Fire Stations." City of Houston. Retrieved December 4, 2008.
- ^ "Fire Station 25 Archived 2010-05-27 at the Wayback Machine." City of Houston. Retrieved on May 8, 2010.
- ^ "Third Ward Multi-Service Center." City of Houston. Accessed October 27, 2008.
- ^ "Multi-Service Centers." City of Houston. Accessed October 27, 2008.
- ^ "Council District D, Dwight Boykins" (PDF). City of Houston. January 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
- ^ "City of Houston Council District "D"." City of Houston. February 4, 2003. Retrieved on November 7, 2011.
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- ^ "map3.gif." City of Houston. February 11, 1997. Retrieved on November 7, 2011.
- ^ Rodriguez, Lori. "Saying goodbye, with no regrets" (Archive). Houston Chronicle. Saturday November 9, 1991. A31. "Turner rolled over his opponents in solidly black neighborhoods like Pleasantville, Riverside and Third Ward. "
- ^ Bernstein, Alan and Jim Simmon. "Black vote went solidly for Turner/Whitmire failed to produce split" (Archive). Houston Chronicle. Thursday November 7, 1991. A21. "Turner steamrolled Whitmire in black neighborhoods, taking from 65 percent to 85 percent of the vote in a sampling of representative black precincts."
- ^ "Cuney Homes." Houston Housing Authority. Retrieved on October 16, 2011. "3260 Truxillo Houston, Texas 77004"
- ^ Radcliffe, Jennifer. "Celebrating Black History Month Politician Norris Wright Cuney." Houston Chronicle. February 24, 2011. Retrieved on August 14, 2011.
- ^ "Congressional District 18 Archived 2008-10-02 at the Wayback Machine." National Atlas of the United States.
- ^ The Daily Cougar. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
- Rice Design Alliance, Fall 1996. Volume 35. p.20.
- ^ "Pothole of the Week: Scott Street in Third Ward". September 29, 2017.
- ^ Correa, Melissa (December 30, 2019). "Innovation vs. gentrification: Third Ward residents want to grow with neighborhood, not be replaced". KHOU. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
That's one piece of a very rich history of the Third Ward, home to the University of Houston and Texas Southern University.
- ^ a b Davis, Rod. "Houston's really good idea Bus tour celebrates communities that forged a city." San Antonio Express-News. Sunday August 3, 2003. Travel 1M. Retrieved on February 11, 2012.
- ^ a b c "Third Ward Urban Redevelopment Plan Archived 2006-09-28 at the Wayback Machine." City of Houston. April 2005. Retrieved on April 4, 2009.
- ^ "Trustee Districts Map Archived 2012-07-11 at the Wayback Machine." Houston Independent School District. Retrieved on November 11, 2008.
- ^ "Third Ward Urban Redevelopment Plan Archived 2006-09-28 at the Wayback Machine." City of Houston. April 2005. Retrieved on April 13, 2009.
- ^ a b "AGENDA Board of Education Meeting March 13, 2014." Houston Independent School District. Retrieved on March 15, 2014. "Current Attendance Boundaries" New 03/06/04 Attachment F-March 2, 2014 p. 31/119. and "Proposed Attendance Boundaries" New 03/06/04 Attachment F-March 2, 2014 p. 32/119.
- ^ Houston Business Journal. August 15, 2008. Retrieved on April 18, 2009.
- ^ a b "PROPOSED BOUNDARY FOR CULLEN MIDDLE SCHOOL." "AGENDA Board of Education Meeting March 07, 2013." Houston Independent School District. 30/105. Retrieved on June 30, 2013.
- ^ "Yates High School Attendance Zone Archived 2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine." Houston Independent School District. Retrieved on April 4, 2009.
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Further reading
- Third Ward Urban Redevelopment Plan - April 2005, City of Houston
- Third Ward at Texas Southern University
- Historic Third Ward Strategic Implementation Framework – City of Houston et al – Final Report April 2019