Downtown Houston
Downtown Houston | |
---|---|
Country | United States |
State | Texas |
County | Harris County |
City | Houston |
Settled | 1836 |
Subdistricts | List
|
Area 281, 346, 713, and 832 | |
Website | downtownhouston |
Downtown is the largest central business district in the city of Houston and the largest in the state of Texas, located near the geographic center of the metropolitan area at the confluence of Interstate 10, Interstate 45, and Interstate 69. The 1.84-square-mile (4.8 km2) district, enclosed by the aforementioned highways, contains the original townsite of Houston at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou, a point known as Allen's Landing. Downtown has been the city's preeminent commercial district since its founding in 1836.
Today home to nine Fortune 500 corporations, Downtown contains 50 million square feet (4,600,000 m2) of office space and is the workplace of 150,000 employees.[1] Downtown is also a major destination for entertainment and recreation. Nine major performing arts organizations are located within the 13,000-seat Theater District at prominent venues including Alley Theatre, Hobby Center for the Performing Arts, Jones Hall, and the Wortham Theater Center. Two major professional sports venues, Minute Maid Park and the Toyota Center, are home to the Houston Astros and Houston Rockets, respectively. Discovery Green, an urban park located on the east side of the district adjacent to the George R. Brown Convention Center, anchors the city's convention district.
Downtown is Houston's civic center, containing
Geographically, Downtown is bordered by East Downtown to the east, Third Ward to the south, Midtown to the southwest, Fourth Ward to the west, Sixth Ward to the northwest, and Near Northside to the north. The district's streets form a strict grid plan of approximately 400 square blocks,[2] oriented at a southwest to northeast angle. The northern end of the district is crossed by Buffalo Bayou, the banks of which function as a linear park with a grade-separated system of hike-and-bike trails.
Composition
Downtown Houston is a 1,178-acre (1.841 sq mi) area bounded by
- Ballpark – Includes Minute Maid Park and surrounding restaurants, lofts, and office space.
- Convention – Includes the George R. Brown Convention Center, Discovery Green, the Toyota Center, and some of the largest hotels in the city.
- Civic Center – Contains the core of Houston's government, including City Hall – the Houston Public Library Central Library is also here,
- Harris County – The district includes the Harris County courts complex, and the University of Houston–Downtown is on the edge of the district.[5]
- Historic – This was the original town center of Houston and dates from the 19th century. The center of the historic district is the Market Square, where the original city hall building stood.
- Medical – located along Interstate 45 in the southern corner of the district; includes St. Joseph Medical Center, residential properties and the Sacred Heart Co-Cathedralcampus.
- Shopping – Main Street Square has a pavilion and fountains built around the Shops at Houston Centerare in the area.
- Skyline – Includes many skyscrapers and forms the base of Downtown's employment. The buildings are connected by the extensive tunnel network.
- Houston Aquarium.[5]
- Warehouse – Home to Houston's alternative art scene, unique dining options, live music, artists’ studios and downtown's first lofts.
History
Downtown Houston encompasses the original townsite of Houston. After the Texas Revolution, two New York real estate investors, John Kirby Allen and Augustus Chapman Allen, purchased 6,642 acres (2,688 ha) of land from Thomas F.L. Parrot and his wife, Elizabeth (John Austin's widow), for US$9,428 (equivalent to $261,584 in 2023).[6] The Allen brothers settled at the confluence of White Oak and Buffalo bayous, a spot now known as Allen's Landing.
A team of three surveyors, including
The relocation of the Texan republic's capital to Houston required a significant political campaign by the Allen brothers. The Allens gifted a number of city blocks to prominent Texas politicians and agreed to construct the new capitol building and a large hotel at no cost to the government.
Despite the efforts of the Allen brothers and high economic interest in the town, first few years of Houston's existence were plagued by yellow fever epidemics, flooding, searing heat, inadequate infrastructure, and crime.[9] Houston suffered from woefully inadequate city services; the Allens failed to accommodate transit, water service, sewerage, road paving, trash service, or gas service in their plans.[8] As a result, in 1839 the Texas Capitol was moved to Austin.[9]
In 1840, Houston adopted a
Houston grew steadily throughout the late 19th century, and the neighborhoods within the boundaries of modern Downtown diversified. To the northeast, around present-day
Prior to the arrival of the first
Downtown's growth can be attributed to two major factors: The first arose after the
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Bird's-eye view looking up Main Street, Houston, Texas (postcard, circa 1912–1924)
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Bird's-eye view, Houston, Texas (circa 1907)
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Hotel Brazos and Grand Central Station, Houston, Texas (postcard, circa 1911)
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Downtown Houston in 1927
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View from the Scanlan Building, Houston, Texas (postcard, circa 1910)
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City Auditorium, Houston, Texas (postcard, circa 1910)
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Opera House, Houston, Texas (postcard, circa 1958)
In the 19th century much of what was the Third Ward, the present day east side of Downtown Houston, was what Stephen Fox, an architectural historian who lectured at Rice University, referred to as "the elite neighborhood of late 19th-century Houston." Ralph Bivins of the Houston Chronicle wrote that Fox said that area was "a silk-stocking neighborhood of Victorian-era homes." Bivins said that the construction of Union Station, which occurred around 1910, caused the "residential character" of the area to "deteriorate." Hotels opened in the area to service travelers. Afterwards, according to Bivins, the area "began a long downward slide toward the skid row of the 1990s" and the hotels devolved into flophouses. Passenger trains stopped going to Union Station in 1974.[16] The construction of Interstate 45 in the 1950s separated portions of the historic Third Ward from the rest of the Third Ward and brought those portions into Downtown.[17]
Beginning in the 1960s the development of the
The Gulf Hotel fire occurred in 1943.
Areas which are now considered part of Downtown were once within
From 1971 to 2018, about 40 downtown buildings and other properties have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
The onset of the 1980s oil glut had devastating economic consequences for Downtown. In the mid-1980s, a bank savings and loan crisis forced many tenants in Downtown Houston buildings to retrench, and some went out of business. This development further caused Downtown Houston to decline.[18] In 1986, Downtown's Class A office occupancy rate was 81.4%.[19] The Downtown Houston business occupancy rate of all office space increased from 75.8% at the end of 1987 to 77.2% at the end of 1988.[20] By the late 1980s, 35% of Downtown Houston's land area consisted of surface parking.[18] In the early 1990s Downtown Houston still had more than 20% vacant office space.[21] By 1987 many of the office buildings in Downtown Houston were owned by non-U.S. real estate figures.[22]
Downtown began to rebound from the oil crisis by the mid-1990s. A dozen companies relocated to Downtown in 1996 alone, bringing 2,800 jobs and filling 670,000 square feet (62,000 m2) of space.[23] In 1997 Tim Reylea, the vice president of Cushman Realty, said that "None of the major central business districts across the country has seen the suburban-to-downtown shift that Houston has."[24] Circa 2000 the Ballpark at Union Station/Enron Field, now Minute Maid Park, opened, Houston Downtown Management District president Bob Eury stated that this promoted subsequent development in Downtown.[25]
By 2000, demand for Downtown office space increased, and construction of office buildings resumed.[21] The cutbacks by firms such as Dynegy, in addition to the fall of Enron, caused the occupancy rate of Downtown Houston buildings to decrease to 84.1% in 2003 from 97.3% less than two years previously. In 2003, the types of firms with operations in Downtown Houston typically were accounting firms, energy firms, and law firms. Typically newer buildings had higher occupancy rates than older buildings.[19] In 2004, the real estate firm Cresa Partners stated that the vacancy rate in Downtown Houston's Class A office space was almost 20%.[26] The Texas Legislature established the Downtown Houston Management District in 1995.[3]
Circa/after the 1990s, Downtown has experienced a boom in high-rise residential construction, spurred in large part by the Downtown Living Initiative (DLI), a tax incentive program created by the city. Between 2013 and 2015, the DLI subsidized 5,000 proposed residential units. As a result, Downtown's residential population has increased to 10,165 people in 4,777 units, up from 900 units in the 1995.[1][27] Many of Downtown's older residential units are located in lofts and converted commercial space, many of which are located around the performance halls of the Houston Theater District and near Main Street in the Historic District.[citation needed] In spring 2009, luxury high-rise One Park Place opened-up with 346 units.[28] In early 2017 Downtown's largest residential building opened when Market Square Tower's 463 units were completed.
Developers have invested more than US$4 billion in the first decade of the 21st century to transform Downtown into an active city center with residential housing, a nightlife scene and new transportation.[29] The Cotswold Project, a $62 million project started in 1998, has helped to rebuild the streets and transform 90 downtown blocks into a pedestrian-friendly environment by adding greenery, trees and public art.[30] January 1, 2004, marked the opening of the "new" Main Street, a plaza with many eateries, bars and nightclubs, which brings many visitors to a newly renovated locale.[31]
Phoenicia Specialty Foods opened a downtown grocery store in 2011, located in One Park Place.[32][33]
In June 2019 Dianna Wray of Houstonia wrote that Downtown Houston had an increased amount of pedestrian traffic and residents compared to the post-oil bust 1980s.[25]
Office traffic declined during the COVID-19 pandemic in Texas. By 2022 many offices had split shifts to where workers only went to offices for some days of the week.[34] By 2022 activity at hotel and entertainment establishments recovered.[35]
Architecture
This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2009) |
In the 1960s, downtown comprised a modest collection of mid-rise office structures, but has since grown into one of the largest
The first major skyscraper to be constructed in Houston was the 50-floor, 218 m (714 ft) One Shell Plaza in 1971. A succession of skyscrapers were built throughout the 1970s, culminating with Houston's tallest skyscraper, the 75-floor, 305 m (1,002 ft) JPMorgan Chase Tower (formerly the Texas Commerce Tower), which was completed in 1982. In 2002, it was the tallest structure in Texas, ninth-tallest building in the United States, and the 23rd tallest skyscraper in the world. In 1983, the 71-floor, 296 m (970 ft) Wells Fargo Plaza was completed, which became the second-tallest building in Houston and Texas, and 11th-tallest in the country. Skyscraper construction in downtown Houston came to an end in the mid-1980s with the collapse of Houston's energy industry and the resulting economic recession.[citation needed]
Twelve years later, the Houston-based
Notable buildings
Notable buildings that form Houston's downtown skyline:
- The Sweeney, Coombs, and Fredericks Building is a late Victorian commercial building with a 3-story corner turret and Eastlake decorative elements that was designed by George E. Dickey in 1889. Evidence indicates that the 1889 construction may have been a renovation of an 1861 structure built by William A. Van Alstyne and purchased in 1882 by John Jasper Sweeney and Edward L. Coombs. Gus Fredericks joined the Sweeney and Coombs Jewelry firm before 1889. The building is on the corner of Main Street and Congress Street at 301 Main Street. The jewelry firm is still in business. It is one of the very few Victorian structures in the Bayou City.
- The Exxon Buildingsurpassed it in height.
- The Esperson Buildings, 'Neils' built in 1927 and 'Mellie' in 1942, were modeled with Italian architecture.
- The Houston City Hall was started in 1938 and completed in 1939. The original building is an excellent example of the Art Deco Era. In front of City Hall is the George Hermann Square.
- The Tony Awardwinning theatre company by the same name, the oldest professional theatre company in Texas. Its nine towers and brutality style give it a castle appearance.
- One Shell Plaza was, at its completion in 1971, the tallest building in Houston. It stands 715 feet (218 m) tall, and when the antenna tower on its top is included, the height of One Shell Plaza is 1,000 feet (300 m).
- Houston Public Library's Central Library, consists of two separate buildings: the Julia Ideson Building (1926) and the Jesse H. Jones Building (1976).
- The Houston Industries Building, formerly known as the 1100 Milam Building, was built in 1973. It went through major renovations in 1996.
- Pennzoil Place, designed by Philip Johnson, built in 1976, is Houston's most award-winning skyscraper, known for its innovative design. Johnson's forward thinking brought about a new era in skyscraper design.
- The First City Tower was built in 1981.
- The I.M. Pei, was built in 1981. Formerly the Texas Commerce Tower, it is the tallest in Houston and the second tallest in the United States west of the Mississippi River.
Scanlan Building, Houston, Texas (postcard, circa 1912–1924) - The Chevron Tower, formerly the Gulf Tower, was built in 1982.
- The Bank of America Center, formerly the RepublicBank Center and the NationsBank center, designed by Philip Johnson, was built in 1983.
- The Wells Fargo Bank Plaza, formerly the Allied Bank Plaza and First Interstate Center, also built in 1983, is the second tallest building in the Houston Area.
- The Heritage Plaza was completed in 1987.
- The Enron Center North, also known as the Four Allen Center, was also built in 1983.
- The Cesar Pelli was completed in 2002. (Note: Enronwent bankrupt before the building's completion and was sold soon after it was completed for about half of its $200 million construction cost).
- The Hobby Center for the Performing Arts was started in 2000 and completed in 2002.
- The Lyric Centre, named for its adjacency to the Theater District.
- The Carter Building, once the tallest building in Texas, more recently re-purposed as a hotel.
- The U.S. National Register of Historic Placesand was the largest building in the city at the time of its construction.
Demographics
In 2017 the Downtown Super Neighborhood #61, which includes Downtown and
In 2015 there were 12,407 residents. 33% were non-Hispanic White, 32% were non-Hispanic Black, 29% were Hispanic, 5% were non-Hispanic Asian, and 1% were non-Hispanics of other racial identities.[41]
In 2000 there were 12,407 residents. 5,083 (41%) were non-Hispanic Black, 4,225 (34%) were non-Hispanic White, 2,872 (23%) were Hispanic, 156 (1%) were non-Hispanic Asians, 56 were of two or more races, 11 were non-Hispanic American Indian, and two each were non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian and non-Hispanic people of other racial identities.[42]
Economy
Downtown is Houston's single largest office market, containing 50 million square feet (4,600,000 m2) of space.[1] A premium submarket, Downtown commands the highest office rental rates in the city[43] and was one of the ten most expensive office markets in the United States in 2016.[44] Louisiana Street, which runs through the heart of the district, is one of the fifteen most expensive streets in the United States.[45]
3,500 businesses in the district employ approximately 150,000 workers. Major employers include Chevron, JPMorgan Chase, and United Airlines.[3] Downtown Houston has between 35% and 40% of the
Companies based in Downtown
Firms which are headquartered in Downtown include:
- Calpine
- Dynegy in Wells Fargo Plaza[47]
- KBR[48][49]
- Baker Botts in One Shell Plaza[50][51]
- Bracewell LLP in Pennzoil Place[52]
- Total Petrochemicals USA in Total Plaza[53][54]
- CenterPoint Energy in CenterPoint Energy Plaza[55][56]
- Vinson & Elkins in First City Tower[57][58]
- Waste Management in First City Tower[59]
- El Paso Corp.[60]
- Plains All American Pipeline in Allen Center[61]
- Enterprise GP Holdings in Enterprise Plaza[62]
- EOG Resources in Heritage Plaza[63]
Companies with operations in Downtown
Hotel operators in Downtown reacted favorably, predicting that the move would cause an increase in occupancy rates in their hotels.
Former economic operations
When
Government
Local government
Two city council districts, District H and District I, cover portions of Downtown.
Houston City Hall, the Margaret Helfrich Westerman Houston City Hall Annex, and the Bob Lanier Public Works Building are all located in Downtown Houston.
The community is within the
The Houston Downtown Management District and Central Houston, Inc. is headquartered in Suite 1650 at 2 Houston Center, a part of the Houston Center complex.[99]
County representation
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2021) |
Downtown is divided between Harris County Precinct 1 and Harris County Precinct 2.[100] As of 2016, Gene L. Locke heads Precinct 1.[101] As of 2016, Jack Morman heads Precinct 2.[102] Harris County Precinct Two operates the Raul C. Downtown Courthouse annex in Downtown.[103]
The Harris County court system is located within a five block area bounded by Franklin, San Jacinto, Caroline, and Congress Streets. This complex includes the following:[104][105]
- Harris County Civil Court
- Harris County Family Court
- Harris County Juvenile Court
- Harris County Criminal Court
- Harris County Justice of the Peace, Precinct 1, Place 2
All are located around a central plaza, nicknamed "Justice Square", located above the underground Harris County Jury Plaza.[106] Along with Harris County's facilities, there are several constable courts and support facilities nearby.
The
The nearest public health clinics of
State representation
Much of Downtown is located in District 147 of the
As of 2011, the Texas First Court of Appeals and the Texas Fourteenth Court of Appeals are located in the renovated 1910 Courthouse.[118][119]
Federal representation
Downtown Houston is in Texas's 18th congressional district.[120] As of 2016, its representative is Sheila Jackson Lee.[121]
The
In addition the USPS operates the
Regional offices of U.S. government agencies are located at the Mickey Leland Federal Building at 1919 Smith Street. The 22 story building, with a 6-story parking garage, was designated an Energy Star efficient building in 2000.[132]
The United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas has its offices in 515 Rusk in Downtown Houston.[133]
The Federal Bureau of Prisons operates the Federal Detention Center, Houston in Downtown.[134]
Diplomatic missions
The
Parks, recreation, and culture
Downtown contains fifteen public parks, varying from linear parks along Buffalo Bayou to block parks and plazas.
On the west side of Downtown along Bagby Street,
In the Historic District to the north, Market Square Park occupies a block formerly covered by Houston's open air market which fronted the old City Hall. Renovations completed in 2010 added two dog runs, a Greek restaurant, and Houston's only memorial to the September 11 attacks.[141][142]
Buffalo Bayou's route through Downtown contains multiple parks which segue together to form a continuous greenway. Allen's Landing, near the intersection of Smith and Preston, commemorates the landing site of the Allen brothers, the New York entrepreneurs who founded the city. Sesquicentennial Park, across Buffalo Bayou from Allen's Landing, commemorates the 150-year anniversary of the city's founding. The park contains a statue of former President George H. W. Bush, who represented a portion of west Houston during his time in the United States House of Representatives.
In the Convention District, Discovery Green, immediately west of the George R. Brown Convention Center, contains an amphitheater, two restaurants, a dog run, a jogging trail, multiple lawns, and an artificial lake on nearly 12 acres (49,000 m2) of land.[143] Since its opening in 2008, Discovery Green has become one of Downtown's main attractions, hosting approximately 1.2 million visitors a year and serving as one of the city's premier public spaces.[144] Discovery Green's environs, formerly covered by surface parking lots, have seen over US$600 million in new development since the park's opening.[145]
A number of other smaller parks and plazas are spread throughout Downtown. Main Street Square is a pedestrian-only promenade with a reflection pool and fountains on the METRORail line between Lamar and Dallas streets.[146] Near the Toyota Center, Root Square occupies a single block and features a public basketball court.[147] Harris County Precinct One operates the 2-acre (8,100 m2) Quebedeaux Park near the county court complex.[148] The park includes a stage area, picnic tables, and benches. The park surrounds the Harris County Family Law Center.[149]
A park in the southern part of Downtown, Trebly Park, began construction in March 2021 on the site of a former automobile repair center. The park had the provisional name Southern Downtown Park; its chosen name refers to how there are three street corners adjacent to the park.[150] The area is in the shape of an "L".[151]
Entertainment venues
Downtown Houston has two major league sports venues.
The Theater District is one of the largest in the country as measured by the number of theater seats.[citation needed] Houston is one of only five cities in the United States with permanent professional resident companies in all of the major performing art disciplines of opera, ballet, music, and theater.[citation needed] Venues in the theater district include the Wortham Center (opera and ballet), the Alley Theatre (theater), the Hobby Center (resident and traveling musical theater, concerts, events), the Bayou Music Center (concerts and events) and Jones Hall (symphony).
The George R. Brown Convention Center is located on the east side of Downtown, between Discovery Green and Interstate 69, and contains 1,800,000 square feet (170,000 m2) of convention space and two adjoining hotels. In the mid-2010s, the promenade between the Center and Discovery Green was transformed into Avenida Houston, a mixed-use corridor featuring restaurants and retail spaces.[152]
Hotels and accommodations
Major hotels in downtown Houston are:
- HiltonAmericas Convention Center Hotel
- Marriott Marquis Houston
- Four Seasons Hotel and Residences
- JW Marriott Downtown Houston[153]
- DoubletreeHotel Downtown Houston
- Hyatt Regency Houston, which features a revolving restaurant, the Spindletop, located on the hotel's 30th floor.[154]
- The Whitehall
- Club Quarters Hotel
- Courtyard Houston Downtown (Marriott)
- Residence Inn Marriott
- Westin Hotel
- SpringHill Suites Marriott
- Hotel Alessandra
Boutique hotels include:
- The Lancaster
- Magnolia Hotel
- Hotel Icon (Marriott)
- The Sam Houston Hotel
Retail and restaurants
The Shops in Houston Center, located within the
Katharine Shilcutt of the Houston Press said in 2012 that because of the Houston tunnel system taking traffic during the daytime and many office workers leaving for suburbs at night, many street level restaurants in Downtown Houston have difficulty operating. She added that the popularity of business-related lunches and dinners resulted in steakhouses in Downtown becoming successful.[155]
Fitness centers
Downtown hosts a branch of the YMCA, featuring a center for teenagers, a wellness center for females, a child watch area, a community meeting space, a chapel, group exercise rooms, and a racquetball court.[156] The Downtown YMCA provided dormitory space beginning in 1908, and continued to do so in its 1941 building, but the new YMCA to open in 2010 was not to have any. The current branch had a projected cost of $55 million.[157]
Artwork
In 2018 the street artist Dual made a mural representing Produce Row, which was a group of produce businesses on Commerce Street, on the Main & Co. building; at the time the area was in the
Media
The
The magazine Houston Downtown was a Downtown-oriented magazine published by Rosie Walker.[163] Most area residents called it the "Downtowner." Walker was originally an office worker in Downtown Houston who was upset that she had learned of events occurring in Downtown Houston after they had already occurred. Walker said "Several people in our office decided to start a newsletter. It sort of expanded throughout our company and throughout our building."[164] It had been published for 14 years. In 1991 the business had paid off its debts. Walker decided not to take out loans to update her equipment and printing processes and instead closed the magazine during that year.[163]
The Downtown, Inc./Downtown Voice was another Downtown-related magazine. Kevin Clear of the Creneau Media Group planned to establish a magazine about Downtown Houston that would be published by Creneau. In January 1990 his company had developed a business plan aimed towards competing with Houston Downtown magazine. Houston Downtown was closed before Clear could develop a new magazine. Clear said "I hate to say we danced on their grave, but we weren't unhappy about the way things turned out."[163] Clear planned to introduce his magazine in May 1991. As of January 1991 he had not decided on a name for the magazine.[163] Elise Perachio became the editor of the magazine, which was ultimately named Downtown, Inc.[165] On August 1, 1994, the magazine, then called Downtown Voice, was sold to company Media Ink.[166]
Regional sports network
Transportation
The
METRO operates many bus lines through Downtown.[169] Greenlink, a free-to-ride circulator shuttle, follows a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) circular route around the district. Greenlink is the successor to a trolley-style free-to-ride bus service which carried over 10,000 riders each day on five different routes prior to its disbandment in 2005.[170]
Taxicabs can be hailed from the street, at one of 21 taxi stands, or at various hotels. Taxi trips within Downtown have a flat rate of US$6, mandated by the city.[171] Uber operates within the city and surrounding areas.
Education
Colleges and universities
The University of Houston–Downtown (UHD) is a four-year state university, located at the northern-end of Downtown. Founded in 1974, it is one of four separate and distinct institutions in the University of Houston System. UHD has an enrollment of 14,255 students—making it the 15th largest public university in Texas and the second-largest university in the Houston area.[172]
The
Downtown is within the
Primary and secondary education
Public schools
The grade-school children of Downtown are served by the Houston Independent School District (HISD).
One public
Three public district elementary schools have zoning boundaries that extend to areas of Downtown with residential areas; they are:
- Bruce Elementary School (in the Fifth Ward)[180]
- Crockett Elementary School (northwest of Downtown)[181]
- Gregory-Lincoln Education Center[182] (in the Fourth Ward)
History of public schools
The block bounded by Austin, Capitol, Caroline, and Rusk held schools for many years. Houston Academy was established there in the 1850s. In 1894 the groundbreaking for Central High School occurred there. Central burned down in March 1919. In 1921
Booker T. Washington High School's first location, 303 West Dallas, served as the school's location from 1893 to 1959, when it moved to the north. Lockett Junior High School was established in the former Washington campus and closed in 1968.[189]
Anson Jones Elementary School served a portion of Downtown until its closing in Summer 2006.[189][190] Anson Jones opened in 1892 as the Elysian Street School; its first campus was destroyed in a fire, and that was replaced in 1893 with a three-story building at 914 Elysian in what is now Downtown. It was named after Anson Jones in 1902. In the 1950s many students resided in Clayton Homes and the students were majority Hispanic and Latino. In 1962 it had 609 students. Anson Jones moved to a new campus in the Second Ward in 1966, and its original campus in Downtown was demolished.[191]
Brock Elementary School served a portion of Downtown until its closing in Summer 2006 and repurposing as an early childhood center; its boundary was transferred to Crockett Elementary.
As part of rezoning for the 2014–2015 school year, in Downtown all areas previously under the Blackshear attendance zone and many areas in the Bruce attendance zone were rezoned to Gregory-Lincoln K-8.[198]
Private schools
The
On September 27, 1897, a school in the two-story annex to the Sacred Heart Parish, staffed by Dominican sisters, opened with 28 enrolled students.[201] St. Thomas College (now known as St. Thomas High School) opened in Downtown in 1900.[202] In 1902 the parish bought a building used by St. Thomas and moved it from Franklin Street at Crawford Street to Pierce Street and Fannin Street. In 1905 the parish sought and received approval from the state to start a high school; in January 1907 Saint Agnes Academy, outside of Downtown, opened and high school students were transferred to St. Agnes. In 1911 the former school building, known as the Green House, was demolished and replaced by a church building. In 1922 the existing Sacred Heart School building opened; the parish spent $52,800 ($961,000 in today's currency) to build the building.[201] St. Thomas moved to its current location, outside of Downtown, in 1940.[202] The Sacred Heart School provided Catholic elementary education for 70 years until its closing in May 1967 after declining enrollment and increased operation costs. As of 2009 the former Sacred Heart building houses the diocese's parish religious education program.[201]
Public libraries
Houston Public Library has the Central Library in Houston. It consists of two buildings, including the Jesse H. Jones Building, which contains the bulk of the library facilities, and the Julia Ideson Building, which contains archives, manuscripts, and the Texas and Local History Department.[203]
Houston's first public library facility opened on March 2, 1904.[204] The Ideson building opened in 1926, replacing the previous building. The Jesse H. Jones Building opened in 1976 and received its current name in 1989.[205] The Jones Building closed for renovations on Monday April 3, 2006.[206] It reopened May 31, 2008.[207] After renovations began the Houston Public Library headquarters moved from the Jones Building to the Marston Building in Neartown Houston.[208][209][210]
In addition, HPL operates the HPL Express Discovery Green at 1300 McKinney R2, adjacent to Discovery Green Park.[211][212] HPL Express facilities are library facilities located in existing buildings.[213] The library opened in 2008.[214]
Harris County Public Library operates the Law Library,[215] located on the first floor of Congress Plaza.[216]
See also
- National Register of Historic Places listings in downtown Houston, Texas
- Architecture of Houston
- Houston Downtown Tunnel System
- Houston Theater District
- Midtown Houston
- Greenway Plaza, Houston
- Neartown Houston
- Uptown Houston
- Greenspoint, Houston
- Westchase, Houston
- Memorial City, Houston
- Houston Energy Corridor
- Central business district
References
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- ^ "Protected Landmark Designation Report – Stuart Building" (PDF). City of Houston. March 21, 2011. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
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- ^ ISBN 9780292748460.
- ^ Theis, David (2010). "Back to the Future" (PDF). Market Square Park. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
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- ^ a b c Sturrock, Sidonie (Spring 2015). "Uncovering the Story of Quality Hill, Houston's First Elite Residential Neighborhood: A Detective on the Case" (PDF). Houston History Magazine. 12–2: 7–12.
- ^ George, Cindy (September 4, 2016). "Frost Town offers a peek into the past". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
- ^ a b c d Baron, Steven (1994). "Streetcars and the Growth of Houston" (PDF). The Houston Review. 16: 67–100.
- ^ Information from Emporis
- ^ Bivins, Ralph. "ON DECK/The stadium vote/Stadium gives hope to downtown landowners Archived 2012-06-17 at the Wayback Machine." Houston Chronicle. Sunday September 29, 1996. A1. Retrieved on August 12, 2010.
- ^ a b "Study Area 11 Archived May 30, 2010, at the Wayback Machine." City of Houston. Accessed October 21, 2008.
- ^ ISBN 0-292-70187-X, 9780292701878.
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Further reading
- "Downtown Parking Management Program Planning." Central Houston, Inc. (Archive)
- Gonzales, J.R. "Downtown Houston by air and in color." Houston Chronicle. Monday August 5, 2013.
- "Downtown retail: A glimpse into the future." Houston Chronicle. Friday September 13, 2013.
- Sarnoff, Nancy and Mike Morris. "Downtown subsidies could skew market, experts say." Houston Chronicle. April 22, 2014.