Women of Trachis
Women of Trachis | |
---|---|
Mute | Iole |
Place premiered | Athens |
Original language | Ancient Greek |
Genre | Athenian tragedy |
Setting | At Trachis, before the house of Heracles |
Women of Trachis or The Trachiniae (
.Women of Trachis is generally considered to be less developed than Sophocles' other works, and its dating has been a subject of disagreement among critics and scholars.
Synopsis
The story begins with
Unable to cope with the thought of her husband falling for this younger woman, she decides to use a love charm on him, a magic potion that will win him back. When she was younger, she had been carried across the river Evenus by the centaur, Nessus. Halfway through he tried to assault her, but Heracles heard her cries and came to her rescue, quickly shooting him with an arrow. As he died, he told her his blood, now mixed with the poison of the Lernaean Hydra, in which Heracles' arrow had been dipped, would keep Heracles from loving any other woman more than her, if she follows his instructions. Deianeira dyes a robe with the blood and has Lichas carry it to Heracles with strict instructions that no one else is to wear it, and that it is to be kept in the dark until he puts it on.
After the gift is sent, she begins to have a bad feeling about it. She throws some of the left-over material into sunlight and it reacts like boiling acid. Nessus had lied about the love charm, it was actually a
Deianeira feels enormous shame for what she has done, amplified by her son's harsh words, and kills herself. Hyllus discovers soon after that it wasn't actually her intention to kill her husband. The dying Heracles is carried to his home in horrible pain and furious over what he believes was a murder attempt by his wife. Hyllus explains the truth, and Heracles realizes that the prophecies about his death have come to pass: He was to be killed by someone who was already dead, and it turned out to be Nessus.
In the end, he is in so much pain that he is begging for someone to finish him off. In this weakened state, he says he is like a woman. He makes Hyllus promise him two things, which Hyllus promises to obey (under protest), that Hyllus is to marry Iole and Hyllus is to take Heracles to the highest peak of Zeus' peak and to burn him alive on a pillar. He also makes Hyllus promise that he will not cry while this takes place. The play concludes with Heracles being carried off where he will be killed as an act of mercy, to end his suffering.
Date
The date of the first performance of Women of Trachis is unknown, and scholars have speculated a wide range of dates for its initial performance. Scholars such as T.F. Hoey believe the play was written relatively early in Sophocles' career, around 450 BC.[2] Often cited as evidence for an early date is the fact that the dramatic form of Women of Trachis is not as developed as those of Sophocles' other surviving works, advancing the belief that the play comes from a younger and less skilled Sophocles.[2] Additionally, the plot of the play is similar to a story related by Bacchylides in Bacchylides XVI, but in some respects significantly different from earlier known versions of Bacchylides' story.[2] From this, Hoey and others have argued that Sophocles' interpretation was more likely to have influenced Bacchylides than vice versa.[2] Serving as further evidence is the relationship between the character of Deianeira and that of Clytemnestra in Aeschylus' Oresteia, first produced in 458.[2] In earlier known versions of this story, Deianeira has several masculine qualities, similar to those of Clytemnestra – who, in the Oresteia, purposely kills her husband Agamemnon. In Women of Trachis, however, Deianeira's character is softer and more feminine, and she is only inadvertently responsible for her husband's death.[2] According to some scholars, Deianeira's character in Women of Trachis is intended as a commentary on Aeschylus' treatment of Clytemnestra; if so, Women of Trachis was probably produced reasonably soon after the Oresteia, although it is also possible that such commentary was triggered by a later revival of Aeschylus' trilogy.[2] Hoey also sees echoes of Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound, particularly in the relevance of Women of Trachis to debates that were occurring during the 450s on the "relationship between knowledge and responsibility."[2]
Other scholars, such as
Other scholars, including Michael Vickers, argue for a date around 424 or 425, later than the generally accepted date range for the first performance of Oedipus Rex.[5] Arguments in favor of such a date include the fact that events of the play seem to reflect events that occurred during the Peloponnesian War around that time.[5] The Spartans believed they were descended from Heracles, and in 427 or 426, Sparta founded a colony in Trachis called Heraclea.[5] The colony alarmed Athens, who feared the colony could be used to attack Euboea, and in Women of Trachis Heracles is said to be either waging war or planning to do so against Euboea.[5] Vickers believes that the link to current events and to Sparta accounts for why Heracles is portrayed so coldly in the play.[5] Vickers also argues that Sophocles chose the name "Lichas" for Heracles' messenger as a result of the link to current events, as Lichas was the name of a prominent Spartiate envoy during the war.[5]
Translations
- 1892 – Richard C. Jebb: prose
- 1906 – Lewis Campbell: verse
- 1912 – Francis Storr: verse: full text
- 1938 – Esther S. Barlow: verse
- 1956 – Ezra Pound: verse
- 1957 – Michael Jameson: verse
- 1966 – Robert Torrance: verse (Full Text)
- 1990 – J. Michael Walton: verse
- 1994 – Hugh Lloyd-Jones: prose
- 2001 – Paul Roche: verse
- 2007 – George Theodoridis: prose: full text
- 2015 – Bryan Doerries: prose
- 2015 – Keyne Cheshire: adaptation to mythic Wild West setting, Murder at Jagged Rock
- 2018 – Ian C. Johnston: verse: full text
- 2021 - Rachel Kitzinger and Eamon Grennan: verse: full text
Commentaries
- Gilbert Austin Davies, 1908 (abridged from the larger edition of Richard Claverhouse Jebb)
- Easterling, Patricia E. (1982) Trachiniae. Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics. Cambridge University Press.
References
Further reading
- Easterling, P. E. 1981. "The End of the Trachiniae." Illinois Classical Studies 6:56–74.
- Finglass, P. J. 2016. "A New Fragment of Sophocles’ Tereus." Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 200:61–85
- Heiden, B. 1989. Tragic Rhetoric: An Interpretation of Sophocles’ Trachiniae. Hermeneutic Commentaries 1. New York and Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
- Kraus, C. S. 1991. "“Λόγος μὲν ἔστ᾽ ἀρχαῖος”: Stories and story-telling in Sophocles’ Trachiniae." Transactions of the American Philological Association 121:75–98.
- Levett, B. 2004. Sophocles: Women of Trachis. London: Duckworth.
- Long, A. A. 1968. Language and Thought in Sophocles: A Study of Abstract Nouns and Poetic Technique. Univ. of London Classical Studies 6. London: Athlone.
- Rood, N. J. 2010. "Four Silences in Sophocles’ Trachiniae." Arethusa 43:345–364.
- Segal, C. 1994. "Bride or Concubine? Iole and Heracles’ Motives in the Trachiniae." Illinois Classical Studies 19:59–64.
- Segal, C. 1977. "Sophocles’ Trachiniae: Myth, Poetry, and Heroic Values." Yale Classical Studies 25:99–158.
- Sorum, C. E. 1978. "Monsters and the Family: The Exodos of Sophocles’ Trachiniae." Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 19:59–73.