Tricholoma pardinum
Tricholoma pardinum | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Basidiomycota |
Class: | Agaricomycetes |
Order: | Agaricales |
Suborder: | Tricholomatineae |
Family: | Tricholomataceae |
Genus: | Tricholoma |
Species: | T. pardinum
|
Binomial name | |
Tricholoma pardinum | |
T. pardinum range | |
Synonyms[1] | |
Agaricus myomyces var. pardinus Pers. (1801) |
Tricholoma pardinum mycorrhizal | |
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Edibility is poisonous |
Tricholoma pardinum, commonly known as spotted tricholoma, tiger tricholoma, tigertop, leopard knight, or dirty trich, is a gilled mushroom widely distributed across North America, Europe, and parts of Asia. It is generally found in beech woodland in summer and autumn. Two subspecies have been described from southern Europe. First officially described by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1801, T. pardinum has had a confusing taxonomic history that extends over two centuries. In 1762, German naturalist Jacob Christian Schäffer described the species Agaricus tigrinus with an illustration corresponding to what is thought to be T. pardinum, and consequently, the name Tricholoma tigrinum has been used erroneously in some European field guides.
The fruit body of Tricholoma pardinum is an imposing mushroom with a pale grey cap up to 15 cm (6 in) in diameter that is covered with dark brownish to greyish scales. The gills are whitish, and are not attached to the stout white to pale grey-brown stalk. The spore print is white. One of the more toxic members of the genus Tricholoma, the species has been implicated in a number of episodes of mushroom poisoning, probably because it is a large, attractive mushroom with a pleasant smell and taste, and it bears a superficial resemblance to several edible species, like Tricholoma terreum. Ingesting T. pardinum—even in small quantities—results in a severe, persistent gastroenteritis caused by an unknown mycotoxin.
Taxonomy
The German naturalist
There has been confusion over which scientific name to use for over two hundred years.[3] Tricholoma tigrinum has been used in some European field guides,[11][12] but has been applied in error to this species.[13][14] The uncertainty was such that Czech mycologists Josef Herink and František Kotlaba suggested in 1967 that both are incorrect and proposed the new name T. pardalotum.[15]
Tricholoma pardinum lies within the subgenus Pardinicutis of Tricholoma, a grouping of similar species characterised by greyish, brownish, or pallid caps that are woolly or covered in small scales, spores with a length between eight and eleven micrometres, and abundant clamp connections in the hyphae.[13] Molecular analyses suggest that T. pardinum is closely related to T. huronense, T. mutabile, and T. venenatum.[16][17] Tricholoma pardinum var. filamentosum is an uncommon variety, described in 1983 by Carlo Luciano Alessio, which produces mushrooms with more fibrillose caps and stalks than the typical variety.[18] It is found in southern Europe,[13] where it associates with chestnut and spruce trees.[3] Another variety has been described as T. pardinum var. unguentatum, characterised by daintier mushrooms that have a greasy coating on their caps.[3]
The
Description
The fruit body is a medium-sized mushroom, with a cap ranging from 5–15 cm (2–6 in) in diameter.[30] The cap is initially hemispherical before flattening with maturity,[11] and has a broad, shallow umbo.[31] The cap margin is initially curled inwards but uncurls as it matures.[32] The cap surface is silvery-grey and covered with concentrically patterned darker grey, brown or blackish scales that grow paler toward the cap margin,[11] Secretan noting its resemblance to the cap of Sarcodon imbricatus.[8] The gills are free (unattached to the stalk), white and thick, may have a yellow or greenish tint, and may drip water, as may the top of the stalk when broken.[11] With age, the gill edges can become jagged and rough.[32] The gill spacing is rather variable, ranging from distant to crowded; typically, between 100–120 gills extend fully from the stalk to the edge of the cap, with a variable number of lamellulae (shorter gills not extending fully from stalk to cap margin).[13]
The stout stalk may be white, pale grey or pale brown, and is thicker at the base.[11] The texture of the stalk surface ranges from fibrillose (appearing to be made of coarse fibres arranged longitudinally) to more or less smooth, and the stalk base will stain dirty brown to yellow when bruised.[13][33] It is 3–12 cm (1–4.5 in) high and 1.5–3 cm (0.5–1 in) wide, with the base 2.5–4 cm (1–1.5 in) in diameter,[30] and bruises a dirty yellow.[13] There is no ring or volva. The flesh is whitish and has a pleasant mealy smell and taste.[11] Variety filamentosum has a mealy odour and taste reminiscent of cucumber.[3]
The
Similar species
Tricholoma pardinum mushrooms may be confused with several edible grey-capped members of the genus Tricholoma, and some authorities recommend leaving all grey-capped Tricholoma mushrooms for experienced hunters.[11][34] There are several superficially similar European species that could be mistaken for T. pardinum. The smaller T. terreum lacks a mealy smell and cap scales,[35] is darker and less robust, and has smaller spores measuring 5.0–7.5 by 4.0–5.0 μm.[36] The edible T. argyraceum somewhat resembles T. pardinum—but with finer scales,[11] and gills and bruised parts that yellow with age. Unlike the preferentially montane T. pardinum, these lookalikes tend to fruit at lower elevations.[37] T. atrosquamosum is smaller and darker than T. pardinum, and has a peppery aroma.[3] T. orirubens has fine dark scales and pinkish gills,[35] brittle flesh, and is generally smaller.[37] T. myomyces is smaller than T. pardinum, has a thin, fibrous partial veil on young specimens, and elliptical spores measuring 5.0–6.0 by 3.5–4.0 μm.[31] The edible and highly regarded T. portentosum is of a similar size, though has a uniform grey cap that is never scaled.[24]
In North America, Tricholoma pardinum can be confused with T. nigrum and forms of T. virgatum that have more streaked rather than spotted caps.[21] A form of T. pardinum in North America can be nearly white with pale scales, and may be confused with the whitish edible species T. resplendens.[25] Microscopically, the presence of clamp connections sets T. pardinum apart from most other members of the genus; the similar-looking (though more tan-coloured) T. venenatum also has them.[21] According to Alexander H. Smith, T. huronense is closely related, but can be distinguished from T. pardinum by its narrower gills, its tendency to form drops of reddish liquid on the gills and stalk, and an ash-grey and scaly stalk surface.[14] T. atroviolaceum and T. imbricatum are also similar.[30]
Distribution and habitat
Tricholoma pardinum is found across Europe, where it is more common in the south.
Toxicity
Tricholoma pardinum is one of several
These symptoms may be severe enough to warrant hospitalisation. Treatment is supportive; antispasmodic medicines may lessen colicky abdominal cramps, and activated charcoal may be administered early on to bind residual toxin. Intravenous fluids may be required if dehydration has been extensive, especially with children and the elderly.[46] Once gastric contents are emptied, metoclopramide may be used in cases of recurrent vomiting.[47]
See also
- List of North American Tricholoma
- List of Tricholoma species
References
- ^ "Tricholoma pardinum (Pers.) Quél. 1873". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Archived from the original on 2008-10-05. Retrieved 2011-09-29.
- ^ Schäffer, Jacob Christian (1762). Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur icones, nativis coloribus expressae (in Latin). Vol. 5. Erlangen, Germany: Apud J.J. Palmium. pp. 38, tab. LXXXIX. Archived from the original on 2016-10-09. Retrieved 2016-07-15.
- ^ ISBN 88-901057-1-2.
- ^ Fries, Elias Magnus (1821). Systema Mycologicum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Lundin, Sweden: Ex Officina Berlingiana. p. 176. Archived from the original on 2018-10-11. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
- ^ Persoon, Christiaan Hendrik (1801). Synopsis Methodica Fungorum [Methodical Synopsis of the Fungi] (in Latin). Vol. 2. Göttingen, Germany: Apud H. Dieterich. p. 346. Archived from the original on 2015-05-11. Retrieved 2011-10-03.
- ^ Fries, Elias Magnus (1836–38). Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici: Seu Synopsis Hymenomycetum (in Latin). Uppsala, Sweden: Sumtibus Auctoris. p. 45.
- ^ Quélet, Lucien (1873). "Les champignons du Jura et des Vosges. IIe Partie" [Mushrooms of the Jura and Vosges]. Mémoires de la Société d'Émulation de Montbéliard (in French). 5 (2): 339.
- ^ a b Secretan, Louis (1833). Mycographie Suisse (in French). Vol. II. Geneva, Switzerland: P.A. Bonnant. p. 159. Archived from the original on 2016-04-02. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
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- ^ Herink, Josef; Kotlaba, František (1967). "Rozsireni ciruvky tygrovane v Ceskoslovensku a jeji spravne jmeno" [Occurrence of the fungus Tricholoma tigrinum in Czechoslovakia and its correct name]. Česká Mykologie (in Czech). 21 (1): 1–11.
- S2CID 2006510.
- CiteSeerX 10.1.1.538.7793.
- ^ Alessio, C. L. (1983). "Tricholoma pardinum var. filamentosum new variety". Micologia Italiana. 12 (2): 15–21.
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- ^ "Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK" (PDF). British Mycological Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16.
- ^ Walderhaug, M. (1992). "Mushroom Toxins". Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook. USFDA/Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition. Archived from the original on 2009-01-17. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
- ^ Bakaitis, Bill (2003). "A Morel in the Bush, Worth a Tour in the Can?". Entelechy: Mind & Culture. Archived from the original on 2008-02-03. Retrieved 2008-02-07.
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- ^ Kalamees, Kuulo (2010). "Checklist of the species of the genus Tricholoma (Agaricales, Agaricomycetes) in Estonia" (PDF). Folia Cryptogamica Estonica. 47: 27–36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-01. Retrieved 2011-10-03.
- ^ Solak, Mehmet Halil; Işiloǧlu, Mustafa; Güci̇n, Fahrettin; Gökler, Isa (1999). "Macrofungi of İzmir Province" (PDF). Turkish Journal of Botany. 23: 383–90. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-17.
- ^ Deng, Hui; Yao, Yi-Jian; Pegler, David N. (2004). "An annotated checklist of Tricholoma from China". Journal of Fungal Research (in Chinese and English). 2 (1): 1–18. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
- ^ Miyauchi, Shinnosuke (1997). "A poisonous species, Tricholoma pardinum newly recorded in Japan". Nippon Kingakukai Kaiho. 38 (2): 85–86.
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- ^ a b Pilát, Albert (1961). Mushrooms and Other Fungi. London, UK: Peter Nevill. p. 68.
- ^ Alder, A. E. (1960). "Die Pilzvergiftung in der Schweiz während 40 Jahren" [Mushroom poisoning in Switzerland over 40 years]. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde (in German). 38: 65–73.
- ^ Benjamin, pp. 370–71.
- ^ Benjamin, pp. 354–55.
- ^ Benjamin, p. 188.
Cited text
Benjamin, Denis R. (1995). Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas—A Handbook for Naturalists, Mycologists and Physicians. New York, New York: WH Freeman.
External links