Upper Midwest forest–savanna transition
Upper Midwest forest–savanna transition | |
---|---|
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest | |
Borders | List
|
Bird species | 215[1] |
Mammal species | 62[1] |
Geography | |
Area | 166,100 km2 (64,100 sq mi) |
Countries | |
States/Provinces | |
Climate type | Humid continental (Dfa and Dfb) |
Conservation | |
Habitat loss | 62.5%[1] |
Protected | 4.7%[1] |
The Upper Midwest forest–savanna transition is a
Fire and disturbance
Historically, wildfire has been the primary driver and determinant of the forest dynamics in the plant community. Due to this the resulting canopy structure has been relatively sparse (the basal area ranges approximately from 4 to 29 meters hectare−1). Presence and biodiversity of plant species is largely controlled by the frequency of fire. Typical tallgrass prairie vegetation such as grasses, forbs, shrubs, and sedges, increase with an increase in the amount of fire, whereas tree density and basal area decrease.[3]
After
Species distribution
Trees:
- Quercus macrocarpa (Bur oak)
- Tilia americana (American basswood)
- Acer saccharum (Sugar maple)
- Quercus rubra (Red oak)
Intact habitat
A survey in 1985 concluded that only 26 square kilometres (10 sq mi) of oak savanna remain, roughly 0.02% of what is estimated to have existed at the time of European settlement. Highly dispersed and
- Devil's Lake State Park, on the Baraboo Range in south-central Wisconsin
- Savanna Army Depot in extreme northwestern Illinois
- Parts of the Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge in eastern Minnesota and western Wisconsin
- Richard J. Dorer Memorial Hardwood State Forest in the Driftless Area of southeastern Minnesota
- Whitewater State Park, also in the Driftless Area
- Necedah National Wildlife Refuge in central Wisconsin
- Horicon Marsh in southeastern Wisconsin
- Kettle Moraine State Forest in southeastern Wisconsin
See also
- List of ecoregions in the United States (WWF)
- Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve – an ecological research station specializing in fire ecology and its effects on oak savannas run by the University of Minnesota
- Big Woods
- Oak savanna
References
- ^ a b c d
Hoekstra, J. M.; Molnar, J. L.; Jennings, M.; Revenga, C.; Spalding, M. D.; Boucher, T. M.; Robertson, J. C.; Heibel, T. J.; Ellison, K. (2010). Molnar, J. L. (ed.). The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference. ISBN 978-0-520-26256-0.
- ISBN 978-0-12-088253-3.
- JSTOR 2997196. Retrieved 2010-06-04.
- .
- ^ "Upper Midwest forest-savanna transition". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2010-05-24.