User:Matthew12263/Umber

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Jules Bastien-Lepage, Pas Meche, 1882. An example of the shadows created by using umber in a painting.[1]

Umber is a natural earth pigment created by mixing

hydroxides to make a brownish color that can be combined to vary between shades of yellow, red, and green.[2] Umber is considered one of the oldest pigments known to humans, first seen in Ajanta Caves in 200 BC-600 AD.[3]: 378  Umber's advantages are its highly versatile color, warm tone, and quick drying abilities.[4]: 137–139  While it is thought that Umber's name comes from its geographic origin in Umbria, critics believe that it derives from the Latin word umbra, which means "shadow."[5]: 250  The belief that its name derives from the word for shadow is fitting, as the color helps create shadows.[5]: 250  In addition, the color is primarily imported from Turkey, specifically Cyprus, and not Italy.[5]: 250  Umber is typically mined from open pits or underground mines and ground into a fine powder washed to remove impurities.[2] In the 20th century, the rise of synthetic dyes decreased the demand for natural pigments such as Umber.[6]

History

Umber was first identified between 200 BC and 600 AD during the

Lascaux Cave in France.[5]: 251  Throughout the Medieval ages, dark brown pigments such as Umber were rarely seen in art, with a preference for bright and vivid colors.[7]: 166  Umber was, however, used in Medieval art, where it was mixed with pigments to create different shades of brown, most often seen for skin tones.[8] Umber gained use in Europe in the late 15th century.[7]: 168  Umber became more popular during the Renaissance when its versatility, earthy appearance, availability, and inexpensiveness were recognized.[5]
: 251 

Reproduction of Lascaux cave paintings, which are around 17,000 years old.[1]

Umber gained widespread popularity in Dutch landscape painting in the eighth century.

Baroque period with the rise of the chiaroscuro style.[6] Umber allowed painters to create an intense light and dark contrast.[6] Underpainting was another popular technique for painting that used Umber as a base color.[9] Umber was valuable in deploying this technique, creating a range of earth like tones with various layering of color.[6]
 

Toward the end of the 19th century, the

natural pigments like Umber to create mixed hues of brown.[6] The impressionists chose to make their own browns from mixtures of red, yellow, green, blue and other pigments, particularly the new synthetic pigments such as cobalt blue and emerald green that had just been introduced.[10] In the 20th century, natural umber pigments began to be replaced by pigments made with synthetic iron oxide and manganese oxide. [6]

Criticism

Beginning in the 17th century, Umber was increasingly criticized within the art community. British painter Edward Norgate, prominent with British royalty and aristocracy, called Umber "a foul and greasy color."[11]: 56  In the 18th century, Spanish painter Antonio Palomino called Umber "very false."[11]: 56  Jan Blockx, a Belgian painter, opined, "umber should not appear on the palette of the conscientious painter."[11]: 56 

Visual properties

Umber is a natural brown pigment extracted from clay containing iron, manganese, and hydroxides.[12] Umber has diverse hues, ranging from yellow-brown to reddish-brown and even green-brown.[6] The color shade varies depending on the proportions of the components.[6] When heated, Umber becomes a more intense color and can look almost black.[6] Burnt Umber is produced by calcining the raw version.[6] The raw form of Umber is typically used for ceramics because it is less expensive.[13]

These warm and earthy tones make it a valuable and versatile pigment for oil painting and other artwork.[13] Umber's high opacity and reactivity of light allow the pigment to have strong hiding power.[14] It is insoluble in water, resistant to alkalis and weak acids, and non-reactive with cement, solvents, oils, and most resins.[13]

Permanence

Umber is considered one of the world's most permanent pigments due to its rarity of fading.[4]: 139  When Umber is mixed with other colors, its stability increases the pigment's permanence.[4]: 138  As Umber has a natural pigmentation, it can darken over time.[15] However, Umber can simultaneously absorb oil from paint, making the color more brittle and susceptible to cracking.[16]

Notable occurrences

Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa, Early 16th century. A Laboratory analysis has revealed the presence of umber.[17]

Umber became widely used throughout the Renaissance period for oil paintings.[6] In his painting, the Mona Lisa, Leonardo da Vinci used Umber for the brown tones throughout his subject’s hair and clothing.[17] Da Vinci also extensively used Umber in his painting the Last Supper to create shadows and outlines of the figures.[18] Throughout the Baroque period, many renowned painters used Umber.[6] Rembrandt used Umber in his darkly atmospheric painting The Night Watch, where he used Umber to give depth and a shadowy quality to the militia in the background, setting off the sunlight drenching the three main figures.[19]

References

  1. ^ a b Lesso, Rosie (2020-05-12). "The Mysterious Shadows of Umber - the thread". Retrieved 2023-04-16.
  2. ^ a b "Pigments through the Ages - Overview - Umber". www.webexhibits.org. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
  3. ^
    doi:10.4324/9780080473765. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help
    )
  4. ^
    ISSN 0039-3630
    .
  5. ^
    ISSN 0361-2317
    .
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "The Versatility and Sustainability of Umber: Exploring the Natural Brown Earth Pigment". www.naturalpigments.com. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
  7. ^
    OCLC 518445
    .
  8. ^ "Medieval manuscripts blog: Science". blogs.bl.uk. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
  9. ^ "Underpainting advice". John Pototschnik Fine Art. 2020-02-02. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
  10. OCLC 936144129.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  11. ^
    OCLC 12804059.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link
    )
  12. OCLC 50017616.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link
    )
  13. ^ a b c "Raw Umber".
  14. ^ "Umber - CAMEO". cameo.mfa.org. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
  15. ^ "Do Oil Paintings Darken Over Time? | Sustain The Art". sustaintheart.com. 2022-06-27. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
  16. ^ "Brown Pigments". Traditional Oil Painting. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
  17. ^ a b Foundation, Mona Lisa (2012-09-08). "Analysis of the Materials used in the 'Earlier Mona Lisa'". The Mona Lisa Foundation. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
  18. ^ "What is actually depicted on The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci?". Arthive. 2017-04-12. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
  19. ^ Burke, Danielle (2022-10-13). "Restoring a bitumen damaged copy of The Night Watch". Fine Art Restoration Company. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
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