User:PenangLion/Politics sandbox 2
Appearance
Constantinian dynasty (306–363)
Constantinian dynasty | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Portrait | Monarch | Reign | Co-emperor | Description | ||
1 | ![]() |
Constantine I "the Great" Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Μέγας Flavius Valerius Constantinus (272–337) |
19 September 324 |
22 May 337 |
Position vacant | Son of Constantius, he was proclaimed Augustus of the West after his father's death on 306.[1] He became its sole ruler after 312, and reunified the empire in 324 after defeating Licinius, his Eastern counterpart.[2] A reformist, he consolidated Byzantium as the "New Rome", and played a crucial role in the Christianisation of the Roman world.[3] |
12 years and 246 days | ||||||
2 | ![]() |
Constantius II Κωνστάντιος Flavius Julius Constantius (317–361) |
22 May 337 |
3 November 361 |
Position vacant | Second surviving son of Constantine I, he was one of three Augusti proclaimed following his father's death in 337,[4] before becoming its sole emperor by 353.[5] His reign witnessed constant external warfare, while his religious policies would would lead to domestic conflict following his death.[6] |
24 years and 166 days | ||||||
3 | ![]() |
Julian "the Apostate" Ἰουλιανός Flavius Claudius Julianus (331–363) |
3 November 361 |
26 June 363 |
Position vacant | Cousin of Constantius II and Caesar of Gaul,[7] his army proclaimed him as Augustus in 360, nearly causing a civil war that was only prevented upon Constantius's sudden death.[8] He was the last non-Christian Roman emperor, and tried reversing the Christianisation of the empire,[9] but was mortally wounded in battle while embarking on an expedition against the Sasanian Empire.[10] |
1 year and 236 days |
Jovian interregnum (363–364)
Portrait | Monarch | Reign | Co-emperor | Description | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 | ![]() |
Jovian Ἰοβιανός Claudius Iovianus[a] (331–364) |
28 June 363 |
17 February 364 |
Position vacant | Senior officer of the Scholae, he was elected by the army as Augustus following Julian's death in Samarra.[11] He resumed the Roman army's retreat in Mesopotamia but failed to cross the Tigris, forcing him to negotiate a humiliating treaty with the Sasanids.[12] He died while returning to Constantinople.[13] |
235 days |
Valentinianic dynasty (364–379)
Portrait | Monarch | Reign | Co-emperor | Description | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 | ![]() |
Valentinian I "the Great" Οὐαλεντινιανός Flavus Valentinianus (321–375) |
26 February 364 |
28 March 364 |
Position vacant | fatal stroke .
|
32 days | ||||||
6 | ![]() |
Valens Ουάλης Flavius Valens (328–378) |
28 March 364 |
9 August 378 |
Position vacant | Appointed as tribunus stabulorum on 1 March 364,[14] he was elevated to the rank of Augustus of the East on 28 March by Valens, his elder brother.[15] Although he was an unremarkable military leader, he was seen as a capable administrator.[16][17] Witnessing internal and external crises throughout his reign,[18] he was killed in a shock defeat against the Goths in the Battle of Adrianople.[19]
|
14 years and 135 days | ||||||
7 | ![]() |
Gratian Γρατιανός Flavius Gratianus (359–383) |
9 August 378 |
19 January 379 |
Position vacant | |
164 days |
Theodosian dynasty (379–457)
Portrait | Monarch | Reign | Co-emperor | Description | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 | ![]() |
Theodosius I "the Great" Θεοδόσιος ὁ Μέγας Flavius Theodosius (347–395) |
19 January 379 |
17 January 395 |
Position vacant | |
15 years and 364 days | ||||||
9 | ![]() |
Arcadius Ἀρκάδιος Arcadius (377–408) |
17 January 395 |
1 May 408 |
Position vacant | |
13 years and 106 days | ||||||
10 | ![]() |
Theodosius II Θεοδόσιος Flavius Theodosius (401–450) |
1 May 408 |
28 July 450 |
Position vacant | |
42 years and 89 days | ||||||
11 | ![]() |
Marcian Μαρκιανός Marcianus (392–457) |
25 August 450 |
27 January 457 |
Position vacant | |
6 years and 156 days |
Leonid dynasty (457–518)
Portrait | Monarch | Reign | Co-emperor | Description | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12 | ![]() |
Leo I "the Great" Λέων ὁ Μέγας Leo (401–474) |
7 February 457 |
18 January 474 |
Leo II after 17 November 473 |
|
16 years and 346 days | ||||||
13 | ![]() |
Leo II "the Little" Λέων ὁ μικρός Leo (467–474) |
18 January 474 |
c. November 474 |
Zeno after 29 January 474 |
|
288 days – 317 days | ||||||
14 | ![]() |
Zeno Ζήνων Trascalissaeus (425–491) |
c. November 474 |
9 January 475 |
Position vacant | |
41 days – 70 days | ||||||
15 | ![]() |
Basiliscus Βασιλίσκος Basiliscus (d. 476) |
9 January 475 |
c. August 476 |
Position vacant | |
1 year and 206 days | ||||||
16 | ![]() |
Zeno Ζήνων Trascalissaeus (425–491) |
c. August 476 |
9 April 491 |
Position vacant | |
≤ 14 years and 222 days | ||||||
17 | ![]() |
Anastasius I Dicorus Ἀναστάσιος ὁ Δίκορος Anastasius (431–518) |
9 April 491 |
9 July 518 |
Position vacant | |
27 years and 91 days |
Justinian dynasty (518–602)
Portrait | Monarch | Reign | Co-emperor | Description | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18 | ![]() |
Justin I Ἰουστῖνος Iustinus (450–527) |
9 July 518 |
1 August 527 |
Position vacant | |
9 years and 24 days | ||||||
19 | ![]() |
Justinian I "the Great" Ἰουστινιανὸς ὁ Μέγας Iustinianus (482–565) |
1 August 527 |
14 November 565 |
Position vacant | |
38 years and 106 days | ||||||
20 | ![]() |
Justin II "the Younger" Ἰουστῖνος Iustinus (520–578) |
14 November 565 |
5 October 578 |
Theodosius as regent after November 573 Tiberius II as co-regent after 7 December 574 |
|
12 years and 326 days | ||||||
21 | ![]() |
Tiberius II Constantine Τιβέριος Κωνσταντῖνος Tiberius Constantinus (535–582) |
5 October 578 |
14 August 582 |
Position vacant | |
3 years and 314 days | ||||||
22 | ![]() |
Maurice Μαυρίκιος Mauricius (539–602) |
14 August 582 |
27 November 602 |
Theodosius after 26 March 590 |
|
20 years and 106 days |
Phocas' revolt (602–610)
Portrait | Monarch | Reign | Co-emperor | Description | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
23 | ![]() |
Phocas Φωκάς Fokas (547–610) |
27 November 602 |
5 October 610 |
Position vacant | |
9 years and 24 days |
Heraclian dynasty (610–695)
Portrait | Monarch | Reign | Co-emperor | Description | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Heraclius Ἡράκλειος (575–641) |
5 October 610 |
11 February 641 |
Heraclius Constantine after 22 January 613 Heraclonas after 4 July 638 |
|
30 years and 130 days | |||||
![]() |
Heraclius Constantine Ἡράκλειος Κωνσταντῖνος Heraclius novus Constantinus (612–641) |
11 February 641 |
25 May 641 |
Heraclonas | |
104 days | |||||
![]() |
Heraclonas Ἡρακλεωνᾶς Heraclius (626–642) |
25 May 641 |
5 November 641 |
Constans II and Tiberius |
|
165 days | |||||
![]() |
Constans II "the Bearded" Κώνστας ὁ Πωγωνᾶτος Constans Pogonatus (630–668) |
5 November 641 |
15 July 668 |
Constantine IV
Heraclius and Tiberius after 2 June 659 |
|
26 years and 254 days | |||||
![]() |
Constantine IV "the Younger" Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ νέος Constantinus (650–685) |
15 July 668 |
10 July 685 |
Heraclius and Tiberius until 681 |
|
16 years and 361 days | |||||
![]() |
Justinian II "the Slit-nosed" Ἰουστινιανὸς ὁ Ῥινότμητος Iustinianus (668/669–711) |
10 July 685 |
c. 695 | Position vacant | |
≤ 10 years and 175 days |
Twenty Years' Anarchy (695–717)
Portrait | Monarch | Reign | Co-emperor | Description | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Leonitus Λεόντιος Leonitus (660–706) |
c. 695 | c. 698 | Position vacant | |
≤ 4 years | |||||
![]() |
Tiberius III Apsimar Αψίμαρος Τιβέριος Apsimarus Tiberius (668/669–711) |
c. 698 | 21 August 705 |
Position vacant | |
≤ 7 years and 233 days | |||||
![]() |
Justinian II "the Slit-nosed" Ἰουστινιανὸς ὁ Ῥινότμητος Iustinianus (668/669–711) |
21 August 705 |
4 November 711 |
Position vacant | |
6 years and 76 days | |||||
![]() |
Philippicus Bardanes Φιλιππικός Βαρδάνης Bardanes Filepicus (d. 713) |
4 November 711 |
3 June 713 |
Position vacant | |
1 year and 212 days | |||||
![]() |
Anastasius II Artemius Ἀρτέμιος Ἀναστάσιος Artemius Anastasius (d. 719) |
3 June 713 |
c. May 715 |
Position vacant | |
≤ 1 year and 362 days | |||||
![]() |
Theodosius III Θεοδόσιος Theodosius (d. 719) |
c. May 715 |
25 March 717 |
Position vacant | |
≤ 1 year and 329 days |
Isaurian dynasty (717–802)
Portrait | Monarch | Reign | Co-emperor | Description | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Leo III "the Isaurian" Λέων ὁ Ἴσαυρος Leo Isaurus (c. 685–741) |
25 March 717 |
18 June 741 |
Constantine V after 31 March 720 |
|
24 years and 86 days | |||||
![]() |
Constantine V "the Dung-Named" Κωνσταντῖνος Κοπρώνυμος Constantinus (718–775) |
18 June 741 |
14 September 775 |
Leo IV after 6 June 751 |
|
34 years and 89 days | |||||
![]() |
Leo IV "the Khazar" Λέων ὁ Χάζαρος Leo (750–780) |
14 September 775 |
8 September 780 |
Constantine VI after 14 April 776 |
|
4 years and 361 days | |||||
![]() |
Constantine VI Κωνσταντῖνος Constantinus (771–c. 805) |
8 September 780 |
19 August 797 |
Irene as regent until 790 Irene as co-emperor after 15 January 792 |
|
16 years and 346 days | |||||
![]() |
Irene Εἰρήνη (750/756–803) |
19 August 797 |
31 October 802 |
Position vacant | |
5 years and 74 days |
Nikephorian dynasty (802–813)
Portrait | Monarch | Reign | Co-emperor | Description | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Nikephoros I "the Logothete" or "the Genikos" Νικηφόρος ὁ Γενικός / ὁ Λογοθέτης (c. 750–811) |
31 October 802 |
26 July 811 |
Staurakios after 25 December 803 |
|
8 years and 271 days | |||||
![]() |
Staurakios Σταυράκιος (791/793–812) |
26 July 811 |
2 October 811 |
Position vacant | |
69 days | |||||
![]() |
Michael I Rangabe Μιχαὴλ Ῥαγγαβέ (c. 770–844) |
2 October 811 |
11 July 813 |
Staurakios after 25 December 811 |
|
1 year and 283 days |
Revolt of Leo V (813–820)
Portrait | Monarch | Reign | Co-emperor | Description | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Leo V "the Armenian" Λέων ὁ ἐξ Ἀρμενίας (c. 775–820) |
11 July 813 |
25 December 820 |
Constantine | |
7 years and 168 days |
Amorian dynasty (820–867)
Portrait | Monarch | Reign | Co-emperor | Description | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Michael II "the Amorian" Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἐξ Ἀμορίου (770–829) |
25 December 820 |
2 October 829 |
Theophilos after 12 May 821 |
|
8 years and 282 days | |||||
![]() |
Theophilos Θεόφιλος (c. 812–842) |
2 October 829 |
20 January 842 |
||
12 years and 111 days | |||||
![]() |
Michael III "the Drunkard" Μιχαὴλ ὁ Μέθυσος (840–867) |
20 January 842 |
24 September 867 |
||
25 years and 248 days |
Macedonian dynasty (867–1056)
Portrait | Monarch | Reign | Co-emperor | Description | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Basil I "the Macedonian" Βασίλειος ὁ Μακεδών (811–886) |
24 September 867 |
29 August 886 |
||
18 years and 340 days | |||||
![]() |
Leo VI "the Wise" Λέων ὁ Σοφός (866–912) |
29 August 886 |
11 May 912 |
||
25 years and 257 days | |||||
![]() |
Alexander "the Purple-born" Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος (870–913) |
11 May 912 |
6 June 913 |
||
1 year and 27 days | |||||
![]() |
Constantine VII "the Purple-born" Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος (905–959) |
6 June 913 |
6 June 959 |
||
46 years and 157 days | |||||
Romanos II "the Purple-born" Ῥωμανὸς ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος (938–963) |
6 June 959 |
15 March 963 |
|||
3 years and 127 days | |||||
Nikephoros II Phokas Νικηφόρος Φωκᾶς (c. 912–969) |
15 March 963 |
11 December 969 |
|||
6 years and 118 days | |||||
John I Tzimiskes Ἰωάννης ὁ Τσιμισκὴς (c. 925–976) |
11 December 969 |
10 January 976 |
|||
6 years and 31 days | |||||
Basil II "the Bulgar-Slayer" Βασίλειος ὁ Βουλγαροκτόνος (958–1025) |
10 January 976 |
15 December 1025 |
|||
49 years and 340 days | |||||
10 January 976 |
10 January 976 |
||||
16 years and 346 days | |||||
10 January 976 |
10 January 976 |
||||
5 years and 74 days |
Komnenid dynasty (1057–1059)
Rank by length of total reign
Rank | Monarch | Dynasty | Days |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Basil II "the Bulgar-Slayer" | Macedonian | 49 years and 340 days |
2 | Constantine VII "the Purple-born" | Macedonian | 46 years and 157 days |
3 | Theodosius II | Theodosian | 42 years and 89 days |
4 | Justinian I "the Great" | Justinian
|
38 years and 106 days |
5 | Constantine V "the Dung-named" | Isaurian
|
34 years and 89 days |
6 | Heraclius | Heraclian
|
30 years and 130 days |
7 | Anastasius I Dicorus | Leonid | 27 years and 91 days |
8 | Constans II "the Bearded" | Heraclian
|
26 years and 254 days |
9 | Leo VI "the Wise" | Macedonian | 25 years and 257 days |
10 | Michael III "the Drunkard" | Amorian
|
25 years and 248 days |
11 | Constantius II | Constantinian | 24 years and 166 days |
12 | Leo III "the Isaurian" | Isaurian
|
24 years and 86 days |
13 | Maurice | Justinian
|
20 years and 106 days |
14 | Basil I "the Macedonian" | Macedonian | 18 years and 340 days |
15 | Constantine IV "the Younger" | Heraclian
|
16 years and 361 days |
16 | Leo I "the Great" | Leonid | 16 years and 346 days |
17 | Constantine VI | Isaurian
|
16 years and 346 days |
18 | Theodosius I "the Great" | Theodosian | 15 years and 364 days |
19 | Justinian II "the Slit-nosed" | Heraclian
|
15 years and 252 days – 16 years and 251 days |
20 | Zeno | Leonid | 14 years and 247 days – 14 years and 276 days |
21 | Valens | Valentinianic
|
14 years and 135 days |
22 | Arcadius | Theodosian | 13 years and 106 days |
23 | Justin II "the Younger" | Justinian
|
12 years and 326 days |
24 | Constantine I "the Great" | Constantinian | 12 years and 246 days |
25 | Theophilos | Amorian
|
12 years and 111 days |
26 | Justin I | Justinian
|
9 years and 24 days |
27 | Phocas | – | 9 years and 24 days |
28 | Michael II "the Amorian" | Amorian
|
8 years and 282 days |
29 | Nikephoros I "the Logothete" | Nikephorian
|
8 years and 271 days |
30 | Leo V "the Armenian" | – | 7 years and 168 days |
31 | Tiberius III Apsimar | – | 6 years and 234 days – 7 years and 233 days |
32 | Marcian | Theodosian | 6 years and 156 days |
33 | Nikephoros II Phokas | Macedonian | 6 years and 118 days |
34 | John I Tzimiskes | Macedonian | 6 years and 31 days |
35 | Irene | Isaurian
|
5 years and 74 days |
36 | Leo IV "the Khazar" | Isaurian
|
4 years and 361 days |
37 | Tiberius II Constantine | Justinian
|
3 years and 314 days |
38 | Romanos II "the Purple-born" | Macedonian | 3 years and 127 days |
39 | Leonitus | – | 3 years – 4 years |
40 | Anastasius II Artemius | – | 1 year and 333 days – 1 year and 362 days |
41 | Theodosius III | – | 1 year and 300 days – 1 year and 329 days |
42 | Michael I Rangabe | Nikephorian
|
1 year and 283 days |
43 | Julian "the Apostate" | Constantinian | 1 year and 236 days |
44 | Philippicus Bardanes | – | 1 year and 212 days |
45 | Basiliscus | Leonid | 1 year and 206 days |
46 | Alexander "the Purple-born" | Macedonian | 1 year and 27 days |
47 | Leo II "the Little" | Leonid | 0 years and 288 days – 0 years and 317 days |
48 | Jovian | – | 0 years and 235 days |
49 | Heraclonas | Heraclian
|
0 years and 165 days |
50 | Gratian | Valentinianic
|
0 years and 164 days |
51 | Heraclius Constantine | Heraclian
|
0 years and 104 days |
52 | Staurakios | Nikephorian
|
0 years and 69 days |
53 | Valentinian I "the Great" | Valentinianic
|
0 years and 32 days |
Macedonian | |||
Macedonian | |||
Macedonian | |||
Macedonian | |||
Macedonian | |||
Test
Rank | Monarch | Dynasty | Days |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Constantine I "the Great" | Constantinian | 12 years and 246 days |
2 | Constantius II | Constantinian | 24 years and 166 days |
3 | Julian "the Apostate" | Constantinian | 1 year and 236 days |
4 | Jovian | – | 0 years and 235 days |
5 | Valentinian I "the Great" | Valentinianic
|
0 years and 32 days |
6 | Valens | Valentinianic
|
14 years and 135 days |
7 | Gratian | Valentinianic
|
0 years and 164 days |
8 | Theodosius I "the Great" | Theodosian | 15 years and 364 days |
9 | Arcadius | Theodosian | 13 years and 106 days |
10 | Theodosius II | Theodosian | 42 years and 89 days |
11 | Marcian | Theodosian | 6 years and 156 days |
12 | Leo I "the Great" | Leonid | 16 years and 346 days |
13 | Leo II "the Little" | Leonid | 0 years and 288 days – 0 years and 317 days |
14 | Basiliscus | Leonid | 1 year and 206 days |
15 | Zeno | Leonid | 14 years and 247 days – 14 years and 276 days |
16 | Anastasius I Dicorus | Leonid | 27 years and 91 days |
17 | Justin I | Justinian
|
9 years and 24 days |
18 | Justinian I "the Great" | Justinian
|
38 years and 106 days |
19 | Justin II "the Younger" | Justinian
|
12 years and 326 days |
20 | Tiberius II Constantine | Justinian
|
3 years and 314 days |
21 | Maurice | Justinian
|
20 years and 106 days |
22 | Phocas | – | 9 years and 24 days |
23 | Heraclius | Heraclian
|
30 years and 130 days |
24 | Heraclius Constantine | Heraclian
|
0 years and 104 days |
25 | Heraclonas | Heraclian
|
0 years and 165 days |
26 | Constans II "the Bearded" | Heraclian
|
26 years and 254 days |
27 | Constantine IV "the Younger" | Heraclian
|
16 years and 361 days |
28 | Justinian II "the Slit-nosed" | Heraclian
|
10 years and 175 days |
29 |
Rank | Monarch | Dynasty | Length of reign | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Min. | Max. | |||
1 | Theodosius II | Theodosian | 15429 | 15429 |
2 | Justinian I "the Great" | Justinian
|
13986 | 13986 |
3 | Heraclius | Heraclian
|
11088 | 11088 |
4 | Anastasius I Dicorus | Leonid | 9952 | 9952 |
5 | Constans II "the Bearded" | Heraclian
|
9750 | 9750 |
6 | Constantius II | Constantinian | 8932 | 8932 |
7 | Maurice | Justinian
|
7410 | 7410 |
8 | Constantine IV "the Younger" | Heraclian
|
6205 | 6205 |
9 | Leo I "the Great" | Leonid | 6190 | 6190 |
10 | Theodosius I "the Great" | Theodosian | 5843 | 5843 |
11 | Zeno | Leonid | 5346 | 5405 |
12 | Valens | Valentinianic
|
5248 | 5248 |
13 | Arcadius | Theodosian | 4854 | 4854 |
14 | Justin II "the Younger" | Justinian
|
4709 | 4709 |
15 | Constantine I "the Great" | Constantinian | 4629 | 4629 |
16 | Justinian II "the Slit-nosed" | Heraclian
|
3462 | 3827 |
17 | Justin I | Justinian
|
3311 | 3311 |
18 | Phocas | – | 3311 | 3311 |
19 | Marcian | Theodosian | 2348 | 2348 |
20 | Tiberius II Constantine | Justinian
|
1410 | 1410 |
21 | Julian "the Apostate" | Constantinian | 601 | 601 |
22 | Basiliscus | Leonid | 571 | 571 |
23 | Leo II "the Little" | Leonid | 288 | 317 |
24 | Jovian | – | 235 | 235 |
25 | Heraclonas | Heraclian
|
165 | 165 |
26 | Gratian | Valentinianic
|
164 | 164 |
27 | Heraclius Constantine | Heraclian
|
104 | 104 |
28 | Valentinian I "the Great" | Valentinianic
|
32 | 32 |
Citations
- ^ Barnes 1991, pp. 27–28.
- ^ Macmullen 1969.
- ^ Gregory & Cutler 1991, pp. 498–500.
- ^ Zosimus 1814, p. 2.39.2.
- ^ Eutropius 1886, pp. XII–XIII.
- ^ Gregory & Cutler 1991, pp. 524.
- ^ Potter 2004, pp. 499–500.
- ^ Cohen 1915, pp. 21–22.
- ^ Brown 1989, pp. 93–94.
- ^ Lascaratos & Voros 2000, p. 615.
- ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 62.
- ^ Curran 1998, pp. 78–79.
- ^ Lenski 2002, p. 19–20.
- ^ Marcellinus 1940, p. 589 (26.3.1).
- ^ Tomlin 1979, p. 470.
- ^ Lenski 1997b.
- ^ Jones 1964, p. 139.
- ^ Nicholson 2018, p. 1546.
- ^ Lenski 1997a, pp. 137–139.
References
Bibliography
Websites
- Lenski, Noel (3 December 1997b). "Valens (364-378 A.D)". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
Translations of ancient sources
- Eutropius (1886) [364–378]. "XIII". Historiae Romanae Breviarium [Abridgment of Roman History] (in Latin). Vol. 10. Translated by Watson, John Selby. London: George Bell and Sons. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- Marcellinus, Ammianus (1940) [c. 391]. "Book 26.3: Valentinian appoints his brother Valens tribune of the stable at Nicomedia; then in the Hebdomum at Constantinople, with the consent of the army, he takes him as colleague in the imperial power.". Ammianus Marcellinus Roman Antiquities [The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus]. Loeb Classical Library 315. Vol. 2. Translated by Rolfe, John Carew. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
- Zosimus (1814) [518]. "Death of Constantine". In Davis, J. (ed.). Ἱστορία Νέα [New History] (in Ancient Greek). Vol. 2. London: W. Green and T. Chaplin. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
Other sources
- ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1.
- ISBN 9780393958034. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
- Cohen, Sidney J. (1915). "Julian the Apostate". The Sewanee Review. 23 (1): 14–35. ISSN 0037-3052. Retrieved 15 January 2023 – via JSTOR.
- Curran, John (1998). "From Jovian to Theodosius". In Cameron, Averil; Garnsey, Peter (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History: The Late Empire, A.D. 337-425. Vol. XIII (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–110. ISBN 978-0521302005.
- Gregory, Timothy E.; Cutler, Anthony (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195046526.
- ISBN 9780801832857.
- Lascaratos, John; Voros, Dionysios (June 2000). "Fatal Wounding of the Byzantine Emperor Julian the Apostate (361–363 a.d.): Approach to the Contribution of Ancient Surgery". ISSN 0364-2313. Retrieved 15 January 2023 – via ResearchGate.
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