Constantine IV
| Constantine IV | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Byzantine emperor | |||||
| Reign | July 668 – July 685 | ||||
| Coronation | 13 April 654 | ||||
| Predecessor | Constans II | ||||
| Successor | Justinian II | ||||
| Co-emperors |
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| Born | c. 650 Anastasia | ||||
| Issue | |||||
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| Dynasty | Heraclian | ||||
| Father | Constans II | ||||
| Mother | Fausta | ||||
| Religion | Chalcedonian Christianity | ||||
Constantine the New | |
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| Holy and Right-Believing Emperor of the Romans | |
| Venerated in | Eastern Orthodoxy[4] |
| Major shrine | Church of the Holy Apostles |
| Feast | 3 September |
| Attributes | Imperial attire |
Heraclian dynasty | ||
|---|---|---|
| Chronology | ||
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| Succession | ||
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Constantine IV (
Early career
The eldest son of Constans II and Fausta, daughter of patrician Valentinus,[8] Constantine IV had been named a co-emperor with his father in 654, almost certainly in Easter (13 April).[9] His year of birth is unknown,[10] but it's often given as c. 650.[11][b] He became emperor in September 668, when news arrived at Constantinople that Constans II had been assassinated in Sicily.[12]
The first task before the new Emperor was the suppression of the military revolt in
As early as 668 the
The Siege of Constantinople (674–678)
Commencing in 674, the Arabs launched the long-awaited siege of Constantinople. The great fleet that had been assembled set sail under the command of
Knowing that it was only a matter of time before Constantinople was under siege, Constantine had ensured that the city was well provisioned.
Later reign
With the temporary passing of the Arab threat, Constantine turned his attention to the Church, which was torn between
Due to the ongoing conflicts with the Arabs during the 670s, Constantine had been forced to conclude treaties in the west with the
His brothers Heraclius and Tiberius had been crowned with him as augusti during the reign of their father,[10] and this was confirmed by the demand of the populace,[31] but in late 681 Constantine had them mutilated by slitting their noses so they would be considered ineligible to rule.[32] Some argue that he then associated Justinian II to the throne,[11] but all contemporary evidence indicates that he became emperor only after Constantine's death on 10 July 685.[10][d]
Family
By his wife
- Justinian II in 669, who succeeded him as emperor at the age of sixteen.[33]
- Heraclius c. 670, known only from an episode in which his father sent locks of his and his brother's hair to Pope Benedict II.[34][35]
In art and popular culture
- Constantine IV was portrayed by Iossif Surchadzhiev in the 1981 Bulgarian movie Aszparuh, directed by Ludmil Staikov.
- Constantine IV is the subject of the song "Imperator" ("Emperor"), released by the Bulgarian heavy metal band Epizod in their 2012 album Moyata molitva ("My prayer").
See also
Notes
- ^ Constantine and his wife used at least two seals on which his name was rendered as Konstantinos Konstantos.[1][2] The name Constantus may have been a patronym, as some authors translate Constantinus Constantus as "Constantine, son of Constans".[3]
- Tiberius and Constans II(641), were both 11 years old.
- ^ The mosaic must have been made shortly before Heraclius and Tiberius' deposition in 681. Justinian II (far left) is depicted as being slightly taller than them, but this is impossible given that he was at least a decade younger.
- ^ "Constantine's death is usually placed in September 685 on the ground that the sources attribute to him a reign of 17 years... Since such a figure can be taken only as a round number, there is no objection to accepting the date 10 July given the Catalogus."[12]
References
- ^ Laurent 1939, p. 359.
- ^ Settipani 2006, p. 119.
- ^ Academia Republicii Populare Romîne; Academia Republicii Socialiste România, eds. (1981). Revue roumaine d'histoire: Volume 20. Editions de l'Académie de la République socialiste de Roumanie. p. 626.
- ^ a b September 3/September 16[permanent dead link]. Orthodox Calendar (PRAVOSLAVIE.RU).
- ^ Zuckerman (1995)
- ^ Grumel (1968)
- ^ Norwich (1990), p. 316
- ^ Kazhdan (1991), "Constans II", p. 496
- ^ PBW "Konstantinos IV".
- ^ a b c Grierson (1968), pp. 512–514
- ^ a b c d Kazhdan (1991), "Constantine IV", pp. 500–501
- ^ a b Grierson (1962), p. 50
- ^ Bury (1889), p. 330
- ^ Bury (1889), p. 315
- ^ Bury (1889), p. 306
- ^ Bury (1889), p. 307
- ^ a b c d e f g Bury (1889), p. 310
- ^ Moore (1997)
- ^ a b c d e Norwich (1990), pp. 323–324
- ^ Moore (1997)
- ^ Moore (1997)
- ^ Moore (1997)
- ^ a b Norwich (1990), p. 326
- ^ Moore (1997)
- ^ Bury (1889), p. 317
- ^ Moore (1997)
- ^ Bury (1889), p. 316
- ^ Moore (1997)
- ^ Bury (1889), p. 333–334
- ^ Norwich (1990), p. 325
- ^ Bury (1889), p. 308
- ^ Moore (1997)
- ^ Grierson (1968), p. 568
- ^ Garland (2000)
- ^ Gibbon (1827), p. 99
Sources
Primary sources
- ISBN 9780198225683.
Secondary sources
- Bury, John Bagnell (1889). A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene (395 A. D. to 800 A.D.). Vol. II. Macmillan and Co.
- Garland, Lynda (2000). "Anastasia (Wife of Constantine IV)". De Imperatoribus Romanis. (Archive)
- Gibbon, Edward (1827). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Vol. 6. Oxford: William Pickering.
- Grierson, Philip (1962). "The Tombs and Obits of the Byzantine Emperors". JSTOR 1291157.
- Grierson, Philip (1968). Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection. Vol. 2. ISBN 9780884020240.
- Grumel, Venance (1968). "Quel est l'empereur Constantin le nouveau commémoré dans le Synaxaire au 3 septembre?". Analecta Bollandiana. 84 (1–2): 254–260. JSTOR 44169223.
- ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6
Laurent, V. (1939). "Notes de titulature byzantine". Échos d'Orient. 38 (195–196): 355–370.
- ISBN 978-0-88-141056-3.
- Moore, R. Scott (1997). "Constantine IV (668-685 A.D.)". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)() - Norwich, John Julius (1990), Byzantium: The Early Centuries, ISBN 0-14-011447-5
- Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
- Settipani, Christian (2006). Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs: les princes caucasiens et l'empire du VIe au IXe siècle. Paris: De Boccard.
- Zuckerman, C. (1995). "A Gothia in the Hellespont in the Early Eighth Century". Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. 19 (1): 234–242. S2CID 162205022.
External links
Media related to Konstantinos IV at Wikimedia Commons
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