Vesicouterine fistula
| Vesicouterine fistula | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Youssef syndrome Urogynaecology |
| Causes | Lower segment caesarean section |
| Differential diagnosis | Endometriosis |
Vesicouterine fistula refers to an abnormal communication between the bladder and uterus. The first case of vesicouterine fistula was reported in 1908.[2] It was however first described in 1957 by Abdel Fattah Youssef, an obstetrician and gynaecologist in Kasr el-Aini hospital, Cairo, Egypt. It is characterized by a vesicouterine fistula above the level of the internal os, absence of menstrual bleeding, cyclical presence of blood in urine and absence of urinary incontinence with a patent cervical canal following a lower segment caesarean section.[1][3] Six of such cases had been reported by other clinicians before the term Menouria was coined by Youssef.[3]
Pathology
Vesicouterine fistula is the least common type of urogenital fistula accounting for 1-4% of urogenital fistulas.[1] It occurs following lower segment caesarean section and the incidence is increasing due to the increasing incidence of caesarean deliveries. The occurrence of menoruria in the absence of vaginal bleeding or passage of urine from the vagina is attributed to a sphincteric mechanism of the uterine isthmus.[3]
Jozwik and Jozwik classified vesicouterine fistula into three types based on the route of menstrual flow;[4]
- I - Menstrual flow from the bladder only without urinary incontinence
- II - Menstrual flow from both the bladder and vagina with urinary incontinence
- III - Normal menstrual flow from the vagina only (no menouria) with urinary incontinence
Youssef syndrome corresponds to a type I vesicouterine fistula.[5]
Causes
Vesicouterine fistulas occur most commonly after lower segment caesarean sections (about 83-93% of cases).[2] The possible mechanisms by which vesicouterine fistulas occur following caesarean sections include undetected bladder injury during caesarean section, inadvertent placement of a suture through the bladder during the repair of the uterus and abnormal blood vessel connections following multiple caesarean sections.[5]
It may also present following use of
Vesicouterine fistula can also occur as a birth defect in conjunction with vaginal atresia.[6][7]
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of a vesicouterine fistula is made by demonstrating an abnormal connection between the cavities of the bladder and uterus.
Treatment
The options of treatment include watchful waiting for spontaneous resolution of the fistula, use of medications that can stop menstrual periods such as oral contraceptive pills, progesterone and gonadotropin releasing hormone analogs. Surgery can be carried out through the vagina, bladder or peritoneum and can be done via laparoscopic or robotic surgery.[8]
Watchful waiting is the treatment of choice in case of small fistulas. The bladder is