Western ground snake
Western ground snake | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Reptilia |
Order: | Squamata |
Suborder: | Serpentes |
Family: | Colubridae |
Genus: | Sonora |
Species: | S. semiannulata
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Binomial name | |
Sonora semiannulata | |
Synonyms[2][3] | |
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The western ground snake (Sonora semiannulata) is a species of small, harmless colubrid snake. The species is endemic to North America. Its patterning and coloration can vary widely, even within the same geographic region.[4] Another common name is miter snake referring to the head marking which suggests a bishop's miter; the synonym "episcopus " (Latin for "bishop") is a similar allusion.
Geographic range
S. semiannulata is native to the Southwestern United States, in Arizona, Nevada, California, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon,[5] Texas, and Utah, as well as northern Mexico, in Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León, and Sonora.
Description
The western ground snake can grow to a total length (including tail) of 8 to 19 inches (20.3 to 48.3 cm). The color and pattern can vary widely. Individuals can be brown, red, or orange, with black banding, orange or brown striping, or be solid-colored. The underside is typically white or gray. It has smooth dorsal scales, a small head, and the pupil of the eye is round.
Habitat
The preferred habitat of S. semiannulata is dry, rocky areas with loose soil.
Behavior
The western ground snake is typically
Diet
The diet of S. semiannulata consists primarily of invertebrates, such as spiders, scorpions, centipedes, crickets, and insect larvae.
Reproduction
The western ground snake is oviparous, breeding and laying eggs through the summer months.
Taxonomy
Sonora semiannulata was once broken up into five separate subspecies, based on the vast differences in color and patterning that the species displays, but recent research has shown that the various colors and patterns of ground snake interbreed indiscriminately, making distinction between them impossible and thus not warranting subspecies status, though some sources still refer to them, using geography as a basis rather than morphology.
References
- . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ "Sonora semiannulata ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
- ^ Stejneger, L., and T. Barbour (1917). A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 125 pp. (Sonora, p. 92).
- ISBN 0-395-98272-3. (Sonora semiannulata, pp. 391–393 + Plate 45 + Map 170).
- ^ "Living with Wildlife : SNAKES" (PDF). Dfw.state.or.us. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
External links
- California Herps: Sonora semiannulata
- Digital Atlas of Idaho: Sonora semiannulata
- Amphibians and Reptiles of the Dallas-Ft. Worth Metroplex: Sonora semiannulata
- Arizona PARC: Sonora semiannulata
Further reading
- Baird, S.F., and C.F. Girard (1853). Catalogue of the Reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Part. I.—Serpents. Washington, District of Columbia: Smithsonian Institution. xvi + 172 pp. (Sonora semiannulata, p. 117).
- ISBN 978-0-544-12997-9. (Sonora semiannulata, pp. 394–396, Figure 183 + Plate 38).
- ISBN 0-307-13666-3(paperback). (Sonora semiannulata, pp. 168–169).
- Wright, A.H., and A.A. Wright (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a division of Cornell University Press. 1,105 pp. (in 2 volumes) (Separate accounts of the following synonyms of Sonora semiannulata: Sonora episcopa episcopa, Sonora episcopa taylori, Sonora semiannulata semiannulata, Sonora semiannulata blanchardi, Sonora semiannulata gloydi, Sonora semiannulata isozona, Sonora semiannulata linearis, pp. 670–692, Figures 196-203 + Map 51 on p. 668).