Yabghu
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Yabghu (
Hephthalite times.[2]
The position of Yabgu was traditionally given to the second highest member of a ruling clan (
Kagan, or a representative of the next generation, called Shad (blood prince). Mahmud Kashgari defined the title Yabgu as "position two steps below Kagan", listing heir apparent Shad a step above Yabgu.[3]
As the Khaganate decentralized, the Yabgu gained more autonomous power within the
Second Türkic Kaganate in the 740s. Another prominent example was the Karluk Yabghu, the head of the Karluks which in the 766 occupied Suyab in the Jeti-su area, and eventually grew into a powerful Karakhanid state.[4]
Etymology
There are at least several proposals regarding the origin of yabgu:
- Yabghu might be a derivation from native Turkic root *yap- "to do, to carry out; to come nearer to help" and so might mean "the assistant (of the khagan)".[1]
- Others suggest that the word is a derivation of the early Turkic davgu;[5] however, the d /ð/ to y /j/ sound change happened late (e.g. not before Sui period (561 - 618 CE)).[6]
- It is believed by some scholars to be of Harold Bailey reconstructs *yavuka ~ *yāvuka, which means "gatherer of troops" or "troop-leader" and is from base yau-, yū-, and yu- "to bring together", cognate with Avestan yavayeiti, yūta and Old Indian yú- "companion" and yūthá- "group";[8]
- Others, such as Sims-Williams, considered that the word yabgu in , and the yabgu on ancient Turkic monuments. The second part of this compound Chinese word, hou ("g’u"), referred to the second-ranking of five hereditary noble ranks. Chinese sources do not make clear whether the title was a descriptive term used only in reference to foreign leaders, or whether it indicated an ally or subject of a Chinese empire;
- Another theory postulates a
- Yury Zuev considered Yabgu to be a "true Tocharian" title.[14]
See also
References
- ^ a b Entry "𐰖𐰉𐰍𐰆 [yabγu йабғұ"] in "Ethno-Cultural Dictionary" Türik Bitig
- ^ Encyclopaedia Iranica, 2007, p. 316
- ^ ISBN 963-05-1548-2
- ^ W. Barthold, "Four Studies In History Of Central Asia", Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1962, Vol.1 p. 87
- ISBN 3-11-001885-3.
- ^ Golden, Peter B. (1992) An Introduction to the History of Turkic Peoples. p. 155
- ISBN 5-85803-255-9
- ^ Bailey, Harold (1978) "The Orbit of Afghan Studies" in Hammond, Norman (ed.) Afghan Studies 1. p. 3
- ^ Bosworth, C. Edmund, "Jabğuya" at Encyclopædia Iranica in Encyclopædia Iranica
- Hou Hanshu "Vol. 88: Greater Yuezhi nation" text "初，月氏為匈奴所滅，遂遷於大夏，分其國為休密、雙靡、貴霜、駙頓、都密，凡五部翕侯。" translation"Formerly, the Yuezhi were defeated by the Xiongnu. They then moved to Daxia (Bactria) and divided up this kingdom between five xihou (‘Allied Princes’), which were those of Xiumi (Western Wakhān and Zibak), Shuangmi (Shughnān), Guishuang (Badakhshān and the adjoining territories north of the Oxus), Xidun (the region of Balkh), and Dumi (the region of Termez)." by John E. Hill.
- ^ The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu, Section 13
- ^ Hirth F. Nachworte zur Inschrift des Tonjukuk // ATIM, 2. Folge. StPb. 1899, pp. 48–50.
- ^ W. Barthold, "Four Studies In History Of Central Asia", Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1962, Vol.1 p.10
- OCLC 52662897