Imperial, royal and noble ranks

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Imperial, royal, noble,
gentry and chivalric ranks in Europe
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Imperial, royal, noble, gentry and chivalric ranks in West, Central, South Asia and North Africa

Traditional rank amongst European

geographic regions (for example, one region's prince might be equal to another's grand duke), the following is a reasonably comprehensive list that provides information on both general ranks and specific differences.[vague
] Distinction should be made between reigning (or formerly reigning) families and the nobility – the latter being a social class subject to and created by the former.

Ranks and titles

English titles

See also: Peerage of England

During the Middle Ages, in England, as in most of Europe, the

male line
. Barons were the lowest rank of nobility and were granted small parcels of land. Earls were the next highest rank with larger land holdings. Dukes were the highest rank and held the largest holdings, known as duchies. The monarch was the ultimate authority and was able to grant and revoke titles.

In the 14th century, an English peerage began to emerge as a separate entity from the feudal system. The peers held titles granted by the monarch, but did not necessarily hold any land or have any feudal obligations. The peerage was divided into five ranks; from highest to lowest: Duke, Marquess, Earl, Viscount, and Baron.

The peerage system became more formalized over time. By the 18th century, peerages were no longer granted as a reward for military service, but instead were granted as a way to recognize social status and political influence.

Today, there are two types of peerages in England: hereditary and life peerages. Hereditary peerages are those that are passed down through the male line of the family. Life peerages, on the other hand, are granted to an individual for their lifetime only and do not pass down to their heirs.

Before 1958, life peerages were relatively rare, and were held not to entitle the bearer to sit in the House of Lords. Since the Life Peerages Act 1958, nearly all new peerages are life baronies.

In addition to peerages, there are also a number of honorary titles in England. These titles do not carry any legal or social privileges, but are instead granted as a way to recognize individuals for their contributions to society.

Some common honorary titles include Knighthood, Damehood, and Companion of Honour. These titles are granted by the monarch and are not hereditary.

Sovereign

Main articles: Monarch and Sovereign
  • The word monarch is derived from the Greek μονάρχης, monárkhēs, "sole ruler" (from μόνος, mónos, "single" or "sole", and ἄρχων, árkhōn, archon, "leader", "ruler", "chief", the word being the present participle of the verb ἄρχειν, árkhein, "to rule", "to lead", this from the noun ὰρχή, arkhē, "beginning", "authority", "principle") through the Latinized form monarcha.
  • The word sovereign is derived from the Latin super ("above").
  • Autocrat is derived from the Greek αὐτοκράτωρ: αὐτός ("self") and κρατείν ("to hold power"), and may be translated as "one who rules by themself".

Common titles for European, Latin American, and Asian monarchs

Many titles listed may also be used by lesser nobles – non-sovereigns – depending on the historical period and state. The sovereign titles listed below are grouped together into categories roughly according to their degree of dignity; these being: imperial (Emperor/Empress, etc.), royal (King/Queen, Grand Duke, etc.), others (sovereign Prince, sovereign Duke, etc.), and religious.

Imperial titles
  • "Emperor" (in English), Imperador (in Portuguese), Emperador (in Spanish), Imperatore (in Italian) and Empereur (in French), from the Latin Imperator, was originally a military title.[1] Soldiers would salute the leader of a victorious army as 'imperator'. In English, the feminine form is Empress (the Latin is imperatrix). The realm of an emperor or empress is termed an Empire. Other words meaning Emperor include:
    • Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus became the first emperor of Rome. Augustus' four successors were each made the adoptive son of his predecessor, and were therefore legally entitled to use "Caesar" as a constituent of their names; after Nero, however, the familial link of the Julio-Claudian dynasty
      was disrupted and use of the word Caesar continued as a title only.
    • Kaiser, derived from Caesar, primarily used in Germanic countries. The feminine form in German is Kaiserin.
    • Augustus, a Roman honorific title which means 'Venerable' or 'Majestic', used by Roman Emperors from the beginning of the Empire onwards. The feminine form is Augusta
    • Basileus kai Autokrator, Medieval Greek title meaning "sovereign and autocrat", used by the Greek Byzantine Emperors from the 9th century onwards.
    • Tsaritsa
      , primarily used in Bulgaria, and after that in Russia and other Slavic countries, although in English Tsarina was also sometimes used.
    • pre-Hispanic city-state in Mesoamerica, commonly referring to the head of the Aztec Triple Alliance, or Aztec Empire. It is variously translated in English as "Great Speaker" or the equivalent to the European "great king" or "high king", though more usually as "Emperor".[2]
    • ancient Indian title meaning 'King of All Lands'.[3]
      The feminine form is Samrājñī.
    • Chakravarti, the universal monarch in the history of India. The feminine form is Chakravartini.
      • Chakravartigal, the equivalent of the northern Chakravarti. Used by the emperors of the Chola Empire[4]
    • 皇帝 is the title of emperors in East Asia. An emperor is called Huángdì in Chinese, Hwangje in Korean, Hoàng đế in Vietnamese, and Kōtei in Japanese, but these are all just their respective pronunciations of the Chinese character 皇帝.
      • Imperial China
        .
      • Hwangje (황제, 皇帝), title used for emperors of the Korean Empire
      • Hoàng đế (皇帝), Vietnamese, meaning "emperor"
      • Kōtei (皇帝), Japanese title primarily used for emperors of other nations (e.g. Rome, Russia, China, Germany). Tennō refers only to an emperor of Japan, whereas kōtei refers to an emperor of any country.
      • Tennō (天皇), which means "heavenly emperor" in Japanese. Is the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people. Historically, he is also the highest authority of the Shinto religion as he and his family are said to be the direct descendants of the sun-goddess Amaterasu.
    • Khagan, derived from khan of khans, used by the Central Asian nomads. The feminine form is Khatun.
      • Tang Gaozong
        by Turkic nomads.
    • Padishah, Persian pād "master" and shāh "king". Used in the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire.
    • Shahanshah
      , Persian title meaning "king of kings". Used by Persian (Iranian monarchs)
    • Sultan of Sultans, the sultanic equivalent of the style King of Kings.
    • Shahanshah
      .
    • Nəgusä Nägäst, title of the rulers of Ethiopia, meaning "king of kings".
    • Mepe-Mepeta
      , Georgian for "king of kings."
    • Quechua for "the only Inca"), also known as Apu ("divinity"), Inka Qhapaq ("mighty Inca"), or simply Sapa ("the only one"), was the ruler of the Kingdom of Cusco and, later, the monarch of the Tawantinsuyu (called Inca Empire by historians) and the Neo-Inca State
      .
Royal titles
Princely, ducal, and other sovereign titles
  • Safavid Empire and Morocco. In the Ottoman Empire, the Grand Vizier held the imperial seal and could convene all other viziers (ministers) to attend to affairs of the state; the viziers in conference were called "Kubbealtı viziers" in reference to their meeting place, the Kubbealtı ('under the dome') in Topkapı Palace
    . His offices were located at the Sublime Porte. Today, the Prime Minister of Pakistan is referred to in Urdu as Wazir-e-azam, which translates literally to Grand Vizier
  • Khedive (/kəˈdiːv/, Ottoman Turkish: خدیو, romanized: hıdiv; Arabic: خديوي, romanized: khudaywī) was an honorific title of Persian origin used for the sultans and grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire, but most famously for the viceroy
    of Egypt from 1805 to 1914.
  • Bosnian medieval state.[10][11] It was a court title, bestowed by the monarch to highest military commander, usually reserved for the most influential and most capable among highest Bosnian nobility.[12][13][14][15] To interpret it as an office post rather than a court rank could be equally accurate, and although it was retained for life by a nobleman who gained it, it was not meant to be hereditary, at least not at first. However, in the last several decades of the Bosnian medieval state it became hereditary, which means it became more than just an office or a court rank.[16][17]
    The feminine form is Grand Duchess
    • Modena); it was also used for those ruling some Habsburg territories such as those that became the modern so-called "Benelux" nations (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg); The title was created by forgery in 1358 by the Habsburgs themselves to establish a precedence of their princes over the other titleholders of high nobility of the era; therefore the rank was not recognized by the other ruling dynasties until 1453.[18]
      The feminine form is Archduchess.
  • Sovereign Prince and Duke
    .
  • Knyaginya (княгиня).[b]
  • Nizam, The word is derived from the Arabic language Nizām (نظام), meaning order, arrangement. Nizām-ul-mulk was a title first used in Urdu around 1600 to mean Governor of the realm or Deputy for the Whole Empire.
  • Despot, Greek for "lord, master", initially an appellation for the Byzantine emperor, later the senior court title, awarded to sons and close relatives of the emperor. In the 13th–15th centuries borne by autonomous and independent rulers in the Balkans. The feminine form is Despotess.
  • Voievod şi domn, title held by the sovereign princes of Wallachia and Moldavia. Voievod (from Slavic) means in this context supreme military commander while Domn (from lat. dominus) means master, lord, autocrat. The "civilian" title of domn holds a kind of primacy. The office/authority is called "domnie" (roughly "lordship") rather than voievodship (as is the case of similar named but lesser Slavic titles). The prince is called upon as "doamne" ("mylord").
  • Sovereign
    Grand Duke
     (literally "large", or "big" Duke; see above under royal titles), Vice Duke ("deputy" Duke), etc. The female equivalent is Duchess.
    • Doge, elected lord and head of state in several Italian city-states
    • Ealdorman, Old English for "elder man", rendered Dux in Latin.
  • Tuanku, literally "My Master" (Tuan Ku), the title of the rulers of the nine Royal states of
    Tengku) or Raja
    .
  • Shogun, officially Sei-i Taishōgun (Commander-in Chief of the Expeditionary Force Against the Barbarians), the Japanese word for generalissimo, who acted as the de-facto military dictators of Japan of the period spanning from 1185 to 1868.
  • Emir, often rendered Amir in older English usage; from the Arabic "to command." The female form is Emira (Amirah). Emir is the root of the naval rank "Admiral". Is usually translated as prince in English.
  • Mir: According to the book Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments, Mir is most probably an Arabized form of Pir. Pir in Old Persian and Sanskrit means the old, the wise man, the chief and the great leader. It was Arabized as Mir then, with Al(A) (Arabic definite article), it was pronounced as Amir.
    • In the
      Amir al-Umara ("Emir of Emirs").[21]
  • Beg/Baig, Turkish for "Chieftain." The feminine form is Begum
    .
  • Dey, title given to the rulers of the Regency of Algiers and Tripoli under the Ottoman Empire from 1671 onwards.
  • Avestan
    ). The feminine form is Sardarni.
Tribal titles
  • Chieftain
    , a tribal chief. the feminine form is Chieftainess.
  • Sheikh is often used as a title for Arab royal families. It commonly designates a tribal chief, royal family member or a Muslim scholar. The feminine form is Shaykhah.
  • Haudenosaunee, or Five Nations
    , refers to the individual with the highest authority in both their modern territory and their spiritual way of life.
  • Taoiseach (Irish pronunciation: [ˈt̪ˠiːʃəx]) means leader. An Irish clan chief. Since 1937, this has been the title for the elected prime ministers of Ireland, in both Irish and English.
  • Tánaiste (Irish pronunciation: [ˈt̪ˠaːn̪ˠəʃtʲə]) is the second in command of an Irish clan. Since 1937, this has been the title in both Irish and English for the deputy head of the Irish government, nominated by the serving Taoiseach to act in that role during the Taoiseach's temporary absence.
  • Tòiseach
    , the Scottish Gaelic for clan chief.
  • Tywysog (Welsh pronunciation: [təˈwəsɔɡ]), in modern Welsh, means "Prince" and is cognate with Taoiseach and Tòiseach. Derived from the proto-Celtic *towissākos "chieftain, leader".
  • Rí ruirech
    , "king of over-kings", or rí cóicid, a provincial King in Ireland.
  • Corono, leader of a large tribe in Celtic Gallaecia. In later Latin inscriptions, they would sometimes be referred to as Princeps.[22]
  • Fon, the regional and tribal leaders in Cameroon.
  • Odikro, an Akan chieftain. Obahemaa female maternal counterpart.
  • Cacique, derived from the Taíno word kasike, for pre-Colombian monarchs.
  • Lonko, chief of several Mapuche communities.
  • Ratu, A Fijian chiefly title that is also found in Javanese culture.
  • Aliʻi nui
    , was the supreme monarch of various Hawaiian islands. They are the supreme high chiefs (chief of chiefs). This title would later be used by rulers of the entire Hawaiian chain of islands.
  • K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo'
    . The female equivalent is a Ix-ajaw.
  • Halach Uinik, In Maya meaning "real man", "person of fact" or "person of command". Was the title of the ruler in the Post-Classic Maya polity (Kuchkabal).
Religious titles

Other sovereigns, royalty, peers, and major nobility

Main articles: Royal family, Peerage, Nobility, and Imperial immediacy

Several ranks were widely used (for more than a thousand years in Europe alone) for both sovereign rulers and non-sovereigns. Additional knowledge about the territory and historic period is required to know whether the rank holder was a sovereign or non-sovereign. However, joint precedence among rank holders often greatly depended on whether a rank holder was sovereign, whether of the same rank or not. This situation was most widely exemplified by the Holy Roman Empire (HRE) in Europe. Several of the following ranks were commonly both sovereign and non-sovereign within the HRE. Outside of the HRE, the most common sovereign rank of these below was that of Prince. Within the HRE, those holding the following ranks who were also sovereigns had (enjoyed) what was known as an immediate relationship with the Emperor. Those holding non-sovereign ranks held only a mediate relationship (meaning that the civil hierarchy upwards was mediated by one or more intermediaries between the rank holder and the Emperor).

Titles

  • Prince (Prinz in German), junior members of a royal, grand ducal, ruling ducal or princely, or mediatised family. The title of Fürst was usually reserved, from the 19th century, for rulers of principalities—the smallest sovereign entities (e.g., Liechtenstein, Lippe, Schwarzburg, Waldeck-and-Pyrmont)—and for heads of high-ranking, noble but non-ruling families (Bismarck, Clary und Aldringen, Dietrichstein, Henckel von Donnersmarck, Kinsky, Paar, Pless, Thun und Hohenstein, etc.). Cadets of these latter families were generally not allowed to use Prinz, being accorded only the style of count (Graf) or, occasionally, that of Fürst (Wrede, Urach) even though it was also a ruling title. Exceptional use of Prinz was permitted for some morganatic families (e.g., Battenberg, Montenuovo) and a few others (Carolath-Beuthen, Biron von Kurland). Prince is also used as the highest, non-royal title of nobility in instances such as that of Prince Bernadotte where Swedish royal princes lost those titles due to unapproved marriages. The feminine form is Princess.
  • Daimyo title of powerful Japanese magnates, feudal lords of medieval and early modern Japan.
  • Duke (Herzog in German), ruler[a] of a duchy;[c] also for junior members of ducal and some grand ducal families The feminie form is Duchess.
  • march
    . The female equivalent is Marchioness, Margravine, or Marquise.
    • Grand Župan, a more influential Župan.
    • Landgrave (literally "Land Count"), a German title, ruler of a landgraviate (large / provincial territory).
  • Count, theoretically the ruler of a county; known as an Earl in modern Britain; known as a Graf in German, known as Conde in Spain and Mexico, known as a Serdar in Montenegro and Serbia. The female equivalent is Countess, which in Britain also refers to an earl's wife.
    • Župan, noble and administrative title used in several states in Central and Southeastern Europe between the 7th century and the 21st century.
    • Ispán, leader of a castle district (a fortress and the royal lands attached to it) in the Kingdom of Hungary from the early 11th century.
  • viscounty, which did not develop into a hereditary title until much later.[25] The female equivalent is Viscountess. In the case of French viscounts and viscountesses, it is customary to leave the titles untranslated as vicomte [vikɔ̃t] and vicomtesse [vikɔ̃tɛs]
    .
    • Burgrave, or Burggraf ("count of a burg"). In the Low Countries, the ruler of a major city or deputy to a count, usually in charge of managing the court and administrative affairs.
  • Castellan, or Châtelain, "holder of a castle".
    • early modern India
      . Had the same functions as that of a European feudal Castellan
  • Sahib, title of Arabic origin meaning "companion." The feminine form is Sahiba.
  • barony
    – some barons in some countries may have been "free barons" (liber baro) and as such, regarded (themselves) as higher barons. The female equivalent is Baroness.
    • Peer of the Realm" (member of the high aristocracy).[26]
      The female equivalent is Freifrau.
    • Heer, a Dutch word meaning "lord", when used before and during the Dutch Republic, refers to the feudal lords that ran the countryside on behalf of the counts. Untitled descendants, male and female, of this old nobility (Dutch:oude adel) use the title "Jonkheer/Jonkvrouw", and after the establishment of the Kingdom of the Netherlands sometimes "Baron/Baroness", before the given and surname following the German practice for Freiherr. Also like the German practice, females inherit the title, but cannot pass it down.
    • Primor, a Hungarian noble title, originally the highest rank of Székely nobility, usually compared to baron (or less commonly, count).[27] Originally, primores could de jure not be evicted from his fiefdom, even by the King of Hungary (although such instances did occur).[28]
    • Zamindar were considered to be equivalent to lords and barons; in some cases they were independent sovereign princes. The feminine form is Zamindarni.
    • Jagirdar, also spelled as Jageerdar (Devanagari: जागीर, Persian: جاگیر, ja- meaning "place", -gir meaning "keeping, holding"). Indian title for the ruler of a jagir (fief) The feminine form is Jagirdarni.
    • Rais, is a used by the rulers of Arab states and South Asia.
    • Samanta, a title to denote a vassal, feudal lord or tributary chief in 4th and 12th century India.
    • Subahdar, is normally appointed from the Mughal princes or the officers holding the highest mansabs.
    • Deshmukh, Marathi for "chief". It is an equivalent to a lord of the land.
    • Deshpande, title given to the officer who was appointed as accountant to a Deshmukh.
    • Principal (m.)/Principala (f.), a person belonging to the aristocratic ruling class of Filipino nobles called Principalía, roughly equivalent to ancient Roman Patricians, through whom the Spanish Monarchs ruled the Philippines during the colonial period (c. 1600s to 1898).[29][30]
    • Regents
      : A regent (from Latin regens: ruling, governing) is a person appointed to govern a state pro tempore (Latin: 'for the time being') because the monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge the powers and duties of the monarchy, or the throne is vacant and the new monarch has not yet been determined. The rule of a regent or regents is called a regency. A regent or regency council may be formed ad hoc or in accordance with a constitutional rule. Regent is sometimes a formal title granted to a monarch's most trusted advisor or personal assistant. If the regent is holding their position due to their position in the line of succession, the compound term prince regent is often used; if the regent of a minor is their mother, she would be referred to as queen regent.

Minor nobility, landed gentry, and other aristocracy

Main articles: Aristocracy (class) and Landed gentry

The distinction between the ranks of the major nobility (listed above) and the minor nobility, listed here, was not always a sharp one in all nations. But the precedence of the ranks of a Baronet or a Knight is quite generally accepted for where this distinction exists for most nations. Here the rank of Baronet (ranking above a Knight) is taken as the highest rank among the ranks of the minor nobility or landed gentry that are listed below.

Titles

  • Baronet is a hereditary title ranking below Baron but above Knight; this title is granted only in the United Kingdom and is variously considered to be "the head of the nobiles minores" or "the lowest of the nobiles majores" of that country. The feminine form is Baronetess.
  • Dominus was the Latin title of the feudal, superior and mesne, lords, and also an ecclesiastical and academical title (equivalent of Lord)
  • Vidame, a minor French aristocrat
  • Vavasour, also a petty French feudal lord
  • Seigneur or Lord of the manor rules a smaller local fief
  • Captal, archaic Gascon title equivalent to seigneur
  • Knight is the central rank of the Medieval aristocratic system in Europe (and having its equivalents elsewhere), usually ranking at or near the top of the Minor Nobility in most areas. However, before the 18th Century in the Low Countries of the Holy Roman Empire, the knights (ridderen) were major nobility, ranking above the heren (equivalent to feudal barons and lords of the manor, depending on the size of the estate) and directly below the head of state.
  • Patrician is a dignity of minor nobility or landed gentry (most often being hereditary) usually ranking below Knight but above Esquire
  • Hidalgo
     is a minor Portuguese and Spanish aristocrat (respectively; from filho d'algo / hijo de algo, lit. "son of something")
  • Nobile is an Italian title of nobility for prestigious families that never received a title
  • Edler is a minor aristocrat in Germany and Austria during those countries' respective imperial periods.
  • Jonkheer is an honorific for members of the Dutch nobility who do not currently hold a title. An untitled noblewoman is styled Jonkvrouw, though the wife of a Jonkheer is a Mevrouw or, sometimes, Freule, which could also be used by daughters of the same.
  • Junker is a German noble honorific, meaning "young nobleman" or otherwise "young lord".
  • Medici
    .
  • Skartabel is a minor Polish aristocrat.
  • Lord Lyon as a member of the Scots noblesse and ranking below a Lord of Parliament but above a Scottish Laird[31][d]
    in the British system. However, Scottish Barons on the European continent are considered and treated equal to European barons.
  • Laird is a Scottish hereditary feudal dignity ranking below a Scottish Baron but above an Esquire
  • Esquire is a rank of gentry originally derived from Squire and indicating the status of an attendant to a knight, an apprentice knight, or a manorial lord;[32] it ranks below Knight (or in Scotland below Laird) but above Gentleman.[e][f]
  • Gentleman is the basic rank of landed gentry (ranking below Esquire), historically primarily associated with land; within British Commonwealth nations it is also roughly equivalent to some minor nobility of some continental European nations[33] The feminine form is Gentlewoman
  • Bibi, means Miss in Urdu and is frequently used as a respectful title for women in South Asia when added to the given name.
  • Lord, a title of the peerage in the United Kingdom, or are entitled to courtesy titles. The collective "Lords" can refer to a group or body of peers, the feminine is Lady.
  • title of respect. The title is a prefix to her given name or personal name
    , and is used by females usually of noble or royal background.
  • Samurai, the hereditary military nobility and officer caste of medieval and early-modern Japan.
  • Darija and Egyptian Arabic
    .
  • Dvoryanin, the word (Russian: Дворянин, romanized: Member of the court); a member of Russian nobility
    .

In Germany, the constitution of the

Duke of Arenberg, head of a mediatized family, although Herzog is nominally a higher title than Fürst). However, former holders of higher titles in extant monarchies retained their relative rank, i.e., a queen dowager of Belgium outranks the reigning Prince of Liechtenstein. Members of a formerly sovereign or mediatized house rank higher than the nobility. Among the nobility, those whose titles derive from the Holy Roman Empire
rank higher than the holder of an equivalent title granted by one of the German monarchs after 1806.

In Austria, nobility titles may no longer be used since 1918.[34]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Loss of sovereignty or fief does not necessarily lead to loss of title. The position in the ranking table is however accordingly adjusted. The occurrence of fiefs has changed from time to time, and from country to country. For instance, dukes in England rarely had a duchy to rule.
  2. ^ "Prince"
  3. ^ A duke who is not actually or formerly sovereign, or a member of a reigning or formerly reigning dynasty, such as British, French, Portuguese, Spanish and most Italian dukes, is a non-dynastic noble ranking above a marquis.
  4. Scottish feudal Baron
    (the general name for the dignity listed above among the ranks of aristocratic gentry).
  5. ^ The meaning of the title Esquire became (and remains) quite diffuse, and may indicate anything from no aristocratic status, to some official government civil appointment, or (more historically) the son of a knight or noble who had no other title above just Gentleman.
  6. ^ In the United States, where there is no nobility, the title esquire is sometimes arrogated (without any governmental authorization) by lawyers admitted to the state bar.

References

  1. ^ [1] Who's Who in a Monarchy | A look at the aristocratic pecking order at the Wayback Machine (archived 7 May 2019)
  2. ^ Lockhart (2001, p.238); Schroeder (2007, p.3). See also the entry for "TLAHTOANI" Archived 2007-06-14 at the Wayback Machine, in Wimmer (2006)
  3. ^ The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Vaman Shivaram Apte
  4. ISBN 978-0-520-24225-8
    . The unobtrusive titles used by the early Chola kings were replaced with high-sounding ones, such as chakravartigal (emperor, the equivalent of the northern chakravarti).
  5. ^ Schroeder (2007, pp.3–4). See also the entry for "CIHUATLAHTOANI" Archived 2007-06-08 at the Wayback Machine in Wimmer (2006).
  6. ISBN 978-1-136-21912-2
    .
  7. ISBN 978-0-292-74985-6
    .
  8. ^ Meyers Taschenlexikon Geschichte 1982, vol 1, p21-22
  9. ISBN 978-9958-649-01-1
    . Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  10. ISSN 0546-9422
    . Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  11. Lajos Thalloczy; Franz Wickhoff (1899). "Missale Glagoliticum Hervoiae ducis Spalatensis"
    . archive.org (in Latin). Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  12. ISBN 9781107455535
    . Retrieved 16 February 2019.
  13. ^ Preveden, Francis Ralph (1962). A history of the Croatian people from their arrival on the shores of the Adriatic to the present day: with some account of the Gothic, Roman, Greek, Illyrian, and prehistoric periods of the ancient Illyricum and Pannonia. Philosophical Library. pp. 98, 99, 100. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
  14. ISBN 9780820481357
    . Retrieved 16 February 2019.
  15. doi:10.15291/ars.493
    . Retrieved 16 February 2019.
  16. ISBN 978-9958-649-01-1. Archived from the original
    (.pdf) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  17. ^ Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press.
  18. ^ Meyers Taschenlexikon Geschichte 1982, vol 2, p. 106.
  19. ^ Esta institucion (Cabecería de Barangay), mucho más antigua que la sujecion de las islas al Gobierno, ha merecido siempre las mayores atencion. En un principio eran las cabecerías hereditarias, y constituian la verdadera hidalguía del país; mas del dia, si bien en algunas provincias todavía se tramiten por sucesion hereditaria, las hay tambien eleccion, particularmente en las provincias más inmediatas á Manila, en donde han perdido su prestigio y son una verdadera carga. En las provincias distantes todavía se hacen respetar, y allí es precisamente en donde la autoridad tiene ménos que hacer, y el órden se conserva sin necesidad de medidas coercitivas; porque todavía existe en ellas el gobierno patriarcal, por el gran respeto que la plebe conserva aún á lo que llaman aquí principalía. (Translation: This institution (Cabecera de Barangay), much older than the fastening of the islands to the Government, has always deserved the most attention. In the beginning they were the hereditary heads, and they constituted the true chivalry of the country; but of the day, although in some provinces they are still transacted by hereditary succession, there are also elections, particularly in the provinces closest to Manila, where they have lost their prestige and are a real burden. In the distant provinces they are still enforced, and that is precisely where authority has less to do, and the order is preserved without the need for coercive measures; because the patriarchal government still exists in them, because of the great respect that the plebs still retain for what they call here principalía.FERRANDO.) FERRANDO, Fr Juan & FONSECA OSA, Fr Joaquin (1870–1872). Historia de los PP. Dominicos en las Islas Filipinas y en las Misiones del Japon, China, Tung-kin y Formosa (Vol. 1 of 6 vols) (in Spanish). Madrid: Imprenta y esteriotipia de M Rivadeneyra. OCLC 9362749.
  20. ISBN 978-1143901140
    . OCLC 23424678, p. 356.
  21. ^ Zetterstéen (1986), p. 446
  22. ^ Pena Granha, A. (2007): "Galicia, cuna de los celtas de la Europa Atlántica", in Anuario Brigantino, no. 30, pp. 57-88.
  23. ISBN 978-1-64642-132-9
    .
  24. ^ Indian Epigraphical Dictionary, page 166 Archived 17 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ISBN 9781111345167
    .
  26. ^ Meyers Taschenlexikon Geschichte 1982, vol 1, p. 22 & vol 2, p. 198.
  27. ^ Szilágyi, László (1938). Székely Primor Családok. Budapest. p. 17.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  28. ^ Gerő, József (1938). A M. Kir. Belügyminiszter által igazolt nemesek 1867–1937. Budapest: Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Kingdom of Hungary. pp. 5–30.
  29. ^ "Esta institucion (Cabecería de Barangay), mucho más antigua que la sujecion de las islas al Gobierno, ha merecido siempre las mayores atencion. En un principio eran las cabecerías hereditarias, y constituian la verdadera hidalguía del país; mas del dia, si bien en algunas provincias todavía se tramiten por sucesion hereditaria, las hay tambien eleccion, particularmente en las provincias más inmediatas á Manila, en donde han perdido su prestigio y su una verdadera carga. En las provincias distantes todavía se hacen respetar, y allí es precisamente en donde la autoridad tiene ménos que hacer, y el órden se conserva sin necesidad de medidas coercitivas; porque todavía existe en ellas el gobierno patriarcal, por el gran respeto que la plebe conserva aún á lo que llaman aquí principalía." FERRANDO, Fr Juan & FONSECA OSA, Fr Joaquin (1870–1872). Historia de los PP. Dominicos en las Islas Filipinas y en las Misiones del Japon, China, Tung-kin y Formosa, (Vol. 1 of 6 vols, in Spanish). Madrid: Imprenta y esteriotipia de M Rivadeneyra, p. 61.
  30. ^ Durante la dominación española, el cacique, jefe de un barangay, ejercía funciones judiciales y administrativas. A los tres años tenía el tratamiento de don y se reconocía capacidad para ser gobernadorcillo, con facultades para nombrarse un auxiliar llamado primogenito, siendo hereditario el cargo de jefe. Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana. VII. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, S.A. 1921, p. 624.
  31. ^ Ruling of the Court of the Lord Lyon (26 February 1948, Vol. IV, page 26): "With regard to the words 'untitled nobility' employed in certain recent birthbrieves in relation to the (Minor) Baronage of Scotland, Finds and Declares that the (Minor) Barons of Scotland are, and have been both in this nobiliary Court and in the Court of Session recognised as a 'titled nobility' and that the estait of the Baronage (i.e. Barones Minores) are of the ancient Feudal Nobility of Scotland".
  32. ^ Dodd, Charles R. (1843) A manual of dignities, privilege, and precedence: including lists of the great public functionaries, from the revolution to the present time, London: Whittaker & Co., pp.248,251 [2]
  33. ^ Larence, Sir James Henry (1827) [first published 1824]. The nobility of the British Gentry or the political ranks and dignities of the British Empire compared with those on the continent (2nd ed.). London: T.Hookham – Simpkin and Marshall. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  34. ^ "RIS Dokument". bka.gv.at. Archived from the original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2009.

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