Župan
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Župan is a noble and administrative title used in several states in Central and Southeastern Europe between the 7th century and the 21st century. It was (and in Croatia still is) the leader of the administrative unit župa (or zhupa, županija). The term in turn was adopted by the Hungarians as ispán and spread further.
Origin of the title
The exact origin of the title is not definitively known and there have been several hypotheses: Slavic (
In 2009, A. Alemany considered that the title *ču(b)-pān, often in a northeastern Iranian milleu, had an Eastern and Central Asian derivation, čupan, and a Western and European derivation, župan. The Eastern čupan first occurs, but allegedly as is usually connected with čupan, in a
The first known mention of Western župan occurs in a charter of
Etymology
In Belarusian, Czech, Polish, Slovak and Ukrainian allegedly from župan was shortened to pan, meaning "master, mister, sir".[16][17]
- Franz Altheim derived the title from Iranian etymon *fsu-pāna- that evolved to šuβān in Parthian, šupān and šubān in Persian; all these words meaning "shepherd".[18][19] Gerhard Doerfer suggested possible Iranian origin for Mahmud al-Kashgari's čupan linking it with New Persian čōpan, a variant form of šubān, with usual change of š- to č-.[18] Omeljan Pritsak in Iranian *fsu-pāna saw "shepherd of (human) cattle" in Avar service, using the Slavic masses as cannon fodder.[18] Some scholars derived it from alleged Old Iranian ašurpan/aszurpan, meaning "great lord, noblemen".[20][21] It may be traced to the Slavic and Iranian cultural interactions in Eastern and Southeastern Europe in the first centuries AD.[20][21]
- Common Slavic *županъ from župa "district, small administrative region",[22] < *geupā, comparing this word with Skt. gopā- (herdsman, guardian), derived from gopaya (to guard, protect), of gup-, or even go-pā (cow-herd), Avestan gufra- (deep, hidden), among others.[18] Oleg Trubachyov derived it from *gupana (from gopaya, the guard of cattle).[17] Karl Heinrich Menges considered župan to be a slavicized form of Altaic čupan (which itself was a loanword from Iranian), with modified meaning from "clan, community" to "district".[23] Following research by Ambroży Bogucki, Bohumil Vykypĕl and Georg Holzer, in 2007 Franjo Smiljanić excluded any Avar influence on the origin of the term. He concluded that remnants of Slavic tribal organization may have been preserved under Avar authority.[3]
- According to Alemany, the (Old) Turkic ču(b) was likely borrowed from Avestan and Old Persian pat, "protector"; pā-, "to protect, to care") is well documented in Manichean Parthian texts from Turpan, and lesser extent in Sogdian and Khotanese.[25] He concluded that the title meant both regio and rector, and if čupan is a loanword mediated by Avars (instead of derived from a common Slavic word župa), their[clarification needed] association could explain the proposed shift č- > ž- in župan.[26]
Theories of an Avar connection are dismissed by many scholars due to the lack of evidence for the title's use by Avars, in addition to the term's occurrence in Slavic territories far beyond the area where the two groups co-existed.[3][15] Toponyms which are etymologically related to the title župan include Županovo kolo in Novgorod, Russia, and Župany kolo in Ukraine.[15]
Usage of the title and division
The title had a widespread distribution, and did not always have a concrete institutional definition.[2] Slavic tribes were divided into fraternities, each including a certain number of families.[27] The territory inhabited by a tribe was a župa, and its leader was the župan.[27]
The župans, once as kopan, of the First Bulgarian Empire are traditionally seen as Slavic chiefs,[28] or leaders of a local tribe and district.[29] The župan title was also used in Wallachia and Moldavia (in modern Romania) but only with the meaning "mister" and bearing no administrative connotations.[citation needed]
Bosnia
Similarly to Serbia and Croatia, Bosnian rulers of the early Middle Ages were referred to as župan. According to Fine, the governorship was hereditary, and the župan reported to a ban or a king, whom they were obliged to aid in war.[30]
Croatia
As heads of the županija, the most important role of the župans were their public authority function.[31] They were the primates populi, nobile aristocracy from where the king (or duke) recruited the official servants.[32] Those župans by origin most probably belonged to the tribal or noble family structure, in historiography known as the Twelve noble tribes of Croatia, which are mentioned in the Pacta conventa and Supetar Cartulary.[32] In the Supetar Cartulary, and in Croatian redaction of Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja, they were called as nobile sapienciroes and starac (elderman), indicating that to the agreement with king Coloman went twelve "elders župan".[33]
According to the charter by Croatian duke
The transition of 12th to the 13th century is characterized by terminological change of the title župan and the spreading beyond the tribal main territory.[34] The older social rank of the župan (iupanus) in Latin documents was changed with the title comes.[34] The Latin term comes in the 14th and 15th century Croatia was translated in two different ways, as špan and knez.[34] The first signified the royal official in the županija, while the second the hereditary lord of the županija exempted from the direct royal rule.[34] Thus the term lost its old tribal and got a new administrative meaning, while the old Croatian tribes (genus) under the title of knez preserved the inheritance rights over the lands of županija.[34]
Hungary
There were several "ispán"'s in the royal court of
Serbia
According to Fine, the governorship was hereditary, and the župan reported to the Serbian prince, whom they were obliged to aid in war.[30] The earlier župan title was abolished and replaced with the Greek-derived kefalija (kephale, "head, master").[35]
Slovakia
The title župan is widely used as an informal name for presidents of self-governing regions (župa) in Slovakia.
Slovenia
In Slovenia, župan is the official title of the mayor of the 212 municipalities. In the Slovene-speaking municipalities in Italy, the term županstvo is used for the municipal administration (similar to the Spanish ayuntamiento), while in Slovenia, this usage is obsolete. Before the 19th century, župan was used as a name for the village elder. With the introduction of modern municipal administration in the Austrian Empire in 1849, it became the official Slovene title for mayors.
The Slovene name for parishes, župnija, has the same etymology. The parish priest is called župnik.
The name županija is used to refer to the counties of Hungary (the term has been historically used by the Prekmurje Slovenes, who were part of the Kingdom of Hungary from the 10th century until 1918).
See also
- Grand Župan, a Bulgarian and Serbian medieval title (equivalent to Grand Prince)
- Gespan
- Ban
- Župa
Notes
- ^ a b c Štih 1995, p. 127.
- ^ a b Biliarsky 2011, p. 368.
- ^ a b c Smiljanić 2007, p. 34.
- ^ a b Alemany 2009, p. 3.
- ^ Golden 2012, footnote 37.
- ^ Alemany 2009, pp. 3–4.
- ^ a b c d Alemany 2009, p. 4.
- ^ Alemany 2009, pp. 4–5.
- ^ a b Alemany 2009, p. 5.
- ^ Gluhak 1990, p. 713.
- ^ a b c d Alemany 2009, p. 6.
- ^ Živković 2012, p. 143.
- ^ Živković 2012, p. 188.
- ^ Gluhak 1993, p. 713.
- ^ a b c Gluhak 1990, p. 227.
- ^ Kmietowicz 1976, pp. 185, footnote.
- ^ a b Trubachyov 1965.
- ^ a b c d Alemany 2009, p. 7.
- ^ Erdal 1988, p. 227.
- ^ a b Majorov 2012, pp. 95, 92–95.
- ^ a b Bechcicki 2006, pp. 8–9.
- ^ Brugmann 1900, p. 111.
- ^ Alemany 2009, p. 8.
- ^ Alemany 2009, pp. 8–10.
- ^ a b Alemany 2009, p. 11.
- ^ Alemany 2009, p. 12.
- ^ a b D.oRS 1972, p. 39.
- ^ Petkov 2008, pp. 9–10, 37–38, 448, 508.
- ^ Curta 2006, p. 164.
- ^ a b Fine 1991, p. 225.
- ^ a b c Smiljanić 2007, p. 35.
- ^ a b Smiljanić 2007, p. 36.
- ^ Smiljanić 2007, p. 39.
- ^ a b c d e Karbić 2004, p. 5.
- ^ Anderson 1996.
Sources
- Alemany, Agustí (2009). "From Central Asia to the Balkans: the title *ču(b)-pān". In Allison, Christine; Joisten-Pruschke, Anke; Wendtland, Antje (eds.). Daēnā to Dîn: Religion, Kultur und Sprache in der iranischen Welt. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 3–12. ISBN 978-344705917-6.
- ISBN 1-85984-107-4.
- Bechcicki, Jerzy (2006). "O Problematici Etnogeneze Bijele Hrvatske" [On the issue of ethno-genesis of the White Croatia]. In Nosić, Milan (ed.). Bijeli Hrvati I [White Croats I] (in Croatian). Rijeka: Maveda. pp. 8–9. ISBN 953-7029-04-2.
- Biliarsky, Ivan (2011). Word and Power in Mediaeval Bulgaria. Brill. p. 368. ISBN 978-900419145-7.
- Brückner, Alexander (1908). "Über Etymologische Anarchie". S2CID 202507000.
- Brugmann, Karl (1900). "Aksl. župa 'Bezirk'". S2CID 170500221.
- ISBN 978-052181539-0 – via Internet Archive.
- Erdal, Marcel (1988). "The Turkic Nagy-Szent-Miklós inscription in Greek letters". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 42: 221–234.
- Evans, Arthur (2007). Through Bosnia and the Herzegovina on Foot During the Insurrection, August and September 1875. Cosimo. ISBN 978-1-60206-270-2.
- Fine, John Van Antwerp (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
- Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994), The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, University of Michigan Press, ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5
- Gluhak, Alemko (1990), Porijeklo imena Hrvat [Origin of the name Croat] (in Croatian), Zagreb, Čakovec: Alemko Gluhak
- Gluhak, Alemko (1993), Hrvatski etimološki rječnik [Croatian etymological dictionary] (in Croatian), Zagreb: August Cesarec, ISBN 953-162-000-8
- Golden, Peter Benjamin (2012), Oq and Oğur~Oğuz* (PDF), Turkish and Middle Eastern Studies, Rutgers University, footnote 37, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2015, retrieved 5 January 2016
- Karbić, Damir (2004). "Šubići Bribirski do gubitka nasljedne banske časti (1322.)" [The Šubići of Bribir until the Loss of the Hereditary Position of the Croatian Ban (1322)] (PDF). Papers and Proceedings of the Department of Historical Research of the Institute of Historical and Social Research of Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Zbornik Odsjeka za povijesne znanosti Zavoda za povijesne i društvene znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti) (in Croatian). 22. Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts: 5.
- Kmietowicz, Frank A. (1976). Ancient Slavs. Worzalla Pub. Co. pp. 185, footnote.
- Majorov, Aleksandr Vjačeslavovič (2012). Velika Hrvatska: etnogeneza i rana povijest Slavena prikarpatskoga područja [Great Croatia: ethnogenesis and early history of Slavs in the Carpathian area] (in Croatian). Zagreb, Samobor: ISBN 978-953-6928-26-2.
- Petkov, Kiril (2008). The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture. Brill. pp. 9–10, 37–38, 448, 508. ISBN 978-900416831-2.
- Smiljanić, Franjo (2007), "O položaju i funkciji župana u hrvatskim srednjovjekovnim vrelima od 9. do 16. stoljeća" [On the position and function of župan in Croatian historical sources from 9th until 16th century], Povijesni prilozi (in Croatian), 33 (33)
- ISBN 953-6014-45-9.
- Tomović, G. (1999). "Župa i Župan". Leksikon srpskog srednjeg veka [Lexicon of the Serbian Middle Ages] (in Bosnian). Belgrade. pp. 195–198.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Trubachyov, Oleg (1965). "To the Question of Slavic-Iranian Language Connections". V. Stetsyuk. Retrieved 15 April 2015.[self-published source]
- The Yugoslav village. Dept. of Rural Sociology. 1972. p. 39.
- Živković, Tibor (2012). De conversione Croatorum et Serborum: A Lost Source. Belgrade: The Institute of History.